8.3. MULTILINEAR MAPS AND DETERMINANTS
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8.3. MULTILINEAR MAPS AND DETERMINANTS
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8.2.6. Prove the Factorization Theorem, Proposition 8.2.9.
8.2.7. Prove the Diamond Isomorphism Theorem, Proposition 8.2.10.
8.2.8. Let R be a ring with identity element. Let M be a finitely generated R–module. Show that there is a free R module F and a submodule K F such that M Š F=K as R–modules.
8.3. Multilinear maps and determinants Let R be a ring with multiplicative identity element. All R–modules will be assumed to be unital.
Definition 8.3.1. Suppose that M1; M2; : : : ; Mn and N are modules over R. A function ' W M1 Mn ! N
is multilinear (or R–multilinear) if for each j and for fixed elements xi 2
Mi (i ¤ j ), the map x 7! '.x1; : : : ; xj 1; x; xj C1; : : : ; xn/ is an R–module homomorphism.
It is easy to check that the set of all multilinear maps ' W M1 Mn ! N
is an abelian group under addition; see Exercise 8.3.1.
We will be interested in the special case that all the Mi are equal.
In this case we can consider the behavior of ' under permutation of the variables.
Definition 8.3.2.
(a) A multilinear function ' W M n ! N is said to be symmetric if '.x.1/; : : : ; x.n// D '.x1; : : : ; xn/ for all x1; : : : ; xn 2 M and all 2 Sn.
(b) A multilinear function ' W M n ! N is said to be skew– symmetric if '.x.1/; : : : ; x.n// D ./'.x1; : : : ; xn/ for all x1; : : : ; xn 2 M and all 2 Sn.
(c) A multilinear function ' W M n ! N is said to be alternating if '.x1; : : : ; xn/ D 0 whenever xi D xj for some i ¤ j .
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8. MODULES
Lemma 8.3.3. The symmetric group acts Sn on the set of multilinear functions from M n to N by the formula '.x1; : : : ; xn/ D '.x.1/; : : : ; x.n//:
The set of symmetric (resp. skew–symmetric, alternating) multilinear functions is invariant under the action of Sn.
Proof. We leave it to the reader to check that ' is multilinear if ' is multilinear, and also that if ' is symmetric (resp. skew–symmetric, alternating), then ' satisfies the same condition. See Exercise 8.3.2.
To check that Sn acts on ˚ n, we have to show that . /' D .'/.
Note that
. '/.x1; : : : ; xn/ D .'/.x.1/; : : : ; x.n//: Now write yi D x.i/ for each i. Then also y.j / D x..j // D x.j /.
Thus, . '/.x1; : : : ; xn/ D .'/.y1; : : : ; yn/ D '.y.1/; : : : ; y.n// D '.x..1//; : : : ; x..1/// D '.x.1/ : : : ; x.n// D ./'.x1; : : : ; xn/:
n
Note that that a multilinear function is symmetric if, and only if ' D ' for all 2 Sn and skew–symmetric if, and only if, ' D ./' for all 2 Sn.
Lemma 8.3.4. An alternating multilinear function ' W M n ! N is skew–symmetric.
Proof. Fix any pair of indices i