Chapter 21: Industrial Europe
- By mid 18th century approximately 89% of Europeans farmed for a living * Economy dominated by agriculture was driven by labor
- Overseas trade was responsible for a greater demand of goods and manufacturing labor
- Agricultural Revolution increased food production and freed labor from the traditional agricultural practices
- Open-field systems: communal farming rather than individual and ensured long-term viability of villages * Villages implemented agricultural decisions in a cooperative manner * Individuals had strips of land and rights concerning the land
- Putting-out system * Entrepreneurs purchased raw materials * People worked in their homes * Only required a small amount of capital * Low quality of goods * Workforce was unreliable
- The Cottage industry dominated production in Europe by 1750s
- Agricultural Revolution * Technique that was combined with investment of capital and commercial attitudes * Enclosed lands in the hands of individuals
- Open-field systems discouraged private investment, stopped innovation, and stopped agriculture from being responsive to things such as market conditions
- Fodder crops were crops that were primarily used to restore nutrients in the soil
- Four crop rotation was a replacement for the three field system due to fodder crops
- Meadow flooding was the flooding of pastures to get an early spring grass for livestock * More livestock meant more fertilize (manure)
- Industrial Revolution (1790-1870) * First steam engine was invented * Spinning Jenny was invented * Britain became textile producer of the world * Samuel Slater leaves for America bringing forth the American Industrial Revolution
- Britain was the first to go through the Industrial Revolution * Access to water was a huge advantage (waterways, canals, etc.) * Economic infrastructure through cultivation of foreign markets * Minerals and metals such as coal and iron * “Cotton is King” * Factories * Railroads
- Innovation was constant during the Industrial Revolution
- Reforms * The Factory Act of 1833 * The Mines Act of 1842 * The Ten Hours Act of 1847 * The Public Health Act of 1848 * Vaccination Act of 1853 * Contagious Diseases Act of 1864
- There was a rise in urban populations and higher birth rates due to lower marriage ages
- Industrialization in France was slowed down due to the slow population growth and the French Revolution * French industrialization was driven by railways
- Germany struggled to industrialize due to political division
- Dual System: places where the traditional economy and industrialization existed at the same time * Kept industrialization from reaching large economies and farmers from developing enough wealth to have access to industrial goods
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