6.4 Prokaryotic Cell Division

There are prokaryotes such asbacteria.

Cell division is the only way to produce new individuals in unicellular organisms.
The result of cell reproduction is a pair of daughter cells that are identical to the parent cell.
The daughter cells of unicellular organisms are individuals.

Some steps are needed to get identical daughter cells.

The daughter cells must be allocated the genomic DNA and the cytoplasmic contents must be divided to give both new cells the machinery to sustain life.
The process of cell division is simplified when the genome of the cell is a single, circular DNA chromosome.
There is no nucleus or multiple chromosomes.
There is a type of cell division.

Populations ofbacteria can grow very fast because of the speed of cell division.

The nucleus of the cell is not enclosed by a single, circular DNA chromosome.
The DNA of the nucleoid is associated with a few things that help in packaging the molecule into a compact size.
The packing proteins of the bacterium are related to some of the genes that are involved in the chromosomes.

The origin points move away from the cell-wall attachment toward the opposite ends of the cell as the new double strands are formed.

As the cell grows, it helps in the transport of the chromosomes.
The cytoplasmic separation begins after the chromosomes have cleared the center of the cell.
The daughter cells separate when the new cell walls are in place.

There are five steps to the breakdown of a bacterium.

The success of cell division depends on the precise timing and formation of the mitotic spindle.

Prokaryotic cells have no need for a spindle because they don't undergo mitosis.

tubulin, the building block of the microtubules that make up the mitotic spindle fibers, is very similar to the FtsZ protein that plays a vital role in prokaryotic cytokinesis.
The formation of the FtsZ ring causes the formation of other proteins that work together to recruit new materials to the site.
The way tubulin forms microtubules, centrioles, and other components is similar to the way FtsZ proteins form three-dimensional structures.
FtsZ and tubulin use the same energy source, GTP, to assemble and disassemble complex structures.

The structures of FtsZ and tubulin are derived from the same evolutionary origins.

FtsZ is thought to be similar to the modern FtsZ and tubulin.
Since the evolution from its FtsZ-like prokaryotic origin, tubulin function has evolved and diversified greatly.

There is no nucleus.

The two copies of the same chromosomes move to the opposite ring at the end of the cell.

Linear chromosomes are intact.

There isn't a centrioles that exist.

There are chymosomes in the nucleus.

The cell is divided into two parts, the pinches and the cells.

The fibers of the eukaryotes are composed of microtubules.

The FtsZ is very similar to totubulin in its structure and energy source.
There are possible steps between FtsZ activity in prokaryotes and in multicellular eukaryotes during which the nucleus breaks down.

The form of a nuclear envelope dissolving.

There are animal cells in the nucleus.

The fibers of the eukaryotes are composed of microtubules.

The FtsZ is very similar to totubulin in its structure and energy source.
There are possible steps between FtsZ activity in prokaryotes and in multicellular eukaryotes during which the nucleus breaks down.

The genome prokaryotes have a single loop, whereas the eukaryotes have multiple, linear chromosomes.

Human cells have 46 chromosomes with two sets of 22 homologous and nonhomologous sex chromosomes.
One complete set of chromosomes is what human gametes have.
There are segments of DNA that code for something.
The genes that are passed on from one parent to the next are a big part of the trait of an organisms.
Genes are expressed as characteristics of the organisms and each characteristic may have different variant called traits that are caused by differences in the DNA sequence for a gene.

There is an orderly sequence of events in the cell cycle.

Cells on the path to cell division go through a series of timed and regulated stages.
The interphase is a long period in the cell cycle.

Interphase is divided into three phases.

The stages are prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
During cytokinesis, the daughter cells' cytoplasmic components are separated either by an actin ring or by cell plate formation.

The cell cycle is monitored by internal controls.

There are three major checkpoint in the cell cycle, one near the end of G1, a second at the G2M transition, and the third during metaphase.

Cancer is caused by a breakdown of the mechanisms that regulate the cell cycle.

The loss of control begins with a change in the sequence of a gene.

Other mistakes can be passed on to the daughter cells if the monitoring system is disrupted.

Each successive cell division will cause more damage.
Tumorous growth occurs when cells crowd out normal cells and become nonfunctional.

Each copy of the genomic DNA is allocated into a daughter cell in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell division.

The new cells get the same amount of the cytoplasmic contents.
There are many differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell division.
There is no nucleus or a single, circular DNA chromosomes.
It is not necessary in the division of cells.
The This OpenStax book is free and can be found at http://cnx.org/content/col11487/1.9 The cell walls of the daughter cells are formed by ingrowth of the cell wall material from the periphery.

The kinetochore is attached to the sister chromatids.

The chromatids are sisters.

The kinetochore is attached to the spindle.

The chromatids are sisters.
The and the sister chromatids are not the same.

A diploid cell has enough chromosomes to be a haploid cell.

A trait is determined by the specific of the DNA that codes for it.

There are two parts to the a(n) ______.

A human gamete and a human somatic cell.

The steps that lead to division are outlined.