Section 15.9 Resolving Power of the Eye
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FIGURE 15.7 The retina.
fovea, a number of receptors are attached to the same nerve path. Here theresolution decreases, but the sensitivity to light and movement increases.
With the structure of the retina in mind, let us examine how we view a scene from a distance of about 2 m. From this distance, at any one instant, wecan see most distinctly an object only about 4 cm in diameter. An object ofthis size is projected into an image about the size of the fovea.
Objects about 20 cm in diameter are seen clearly but not with complete sharpness. The periphery of large objects appears progressively less distinct.
Thus, for example, if we focus on a person’s face 2 m away, we can see clearlythe facial details, but we can pick out most clearly only a subsection about thesize of the mouth. At the same time, we are aware of the person’s arms andlegs, but we cannot detect, for example, details about the person’s shoes.
15.9 Resolving Power of the Eye


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Chapter 15 Optics FIGURE 15.8 Two points are resolvable if the angle θ is greater than 1.22λ/d.
light passes through an aperture such as the iris, diffraction occurs, and thewave spreads around the edges of the aperture.1 As a result, light is notfocused into a sharp point but into a diffraction pattern consisting of a disksurrounded by rings of diminishing intensity.
If light originates from two point sources that are close together, their image diffraction disks may overlap, making it impossible to distinguish thetwo points. An optical system can resolve two points if their correspondingdiffraction patterns are distinguishable. This criterion alone predicts that twopoints are resolvable (see Fig. 15.8) if the angular separation between the linesjoining the points to the center of the lens is equal to or greater than a criticalvalue given by θ 1.22λ
(15.4)
d
where λ is the wavelength of light and d is the diameter of the aperture. Theangle θ is given in radians (1 rad 57.3◦). With green light (λ 500 nm) andan iris diameter of 0.5 cm, this angle is 1.22 × 10−4 rad.
Experiments have shown that the eye does not perform this well. Most people cannot resolve two points with an angular separation of less than5 × 10−4 rad. Clearly there are other factors that limit the resolution of theeye. Imperfections in the lens system of the eye certainly impede the resolution. But perhaps even more important are the limitations imposed by thestructure of the retina.
The cones in the closely packed fovea are about 2 μm diameter. To resolve two points, the light from each point must be focused on a different cone andthe excited cones must be separated from each other by at least one conethat is not excited. Thus at the retina, the images of two resolved points areseparated by at least 4 μm. A single unexcited cone between points of excitation implies an angular resolution of about 3 × 10−4 rad (see Exercise 15-7a).
1If there are no smaller apertures in the optical path, the lens itself must be considered as the aperture.

