Chapter 11: Biological Diversity

The AP exam does not require you to know how organisms are classified.

Only a few of the structural, physiological, and reproductive features are highlighted in the AP Biology curriculum.
In order to understand and answer a question, you should be familiar with some general concepts.
If the exam presents an example to illustrate a structure or demonstrate a process, you can use that example to evaluate your understanding of a more general concept.
The review in this chapter will help you understand the types of organisms that can be used as examples.

There are close related animals in the same group.

The genetic material in the form of DNA, as well as the mechanism for converting it into genes, is found in all cells.

There is a long, linear DNA molecule packaged with histone proteins.

The nucleus contains the chromosomes.

The bodies isolated the activities of the metabolism.

The tubulin is arranged in a 9 + 2 microtubule array.

There is a short, circular DNA molecule.

There is no nucleus.

There aren't any organelles, but various membranes might serve the same functions.

It is useful to know how organisms obtain energy.

The method of energy acquisition is an important tool for many organisms.

Heterotrophs are animals that eat plants.

All living things are classified into three different areas.

The major characteristics of each domain are described.

bacteria are prokaryotes

peptidoglycan is a monosaccharide and is used to make cell walls.

Certain antibiotics disrupt the activity of ribosomes.

In numbers of individuals and species,bacteria are the most numerous of all organisms.

They live in a wide range of habitats and use a variety of methods to obtain energy.

Nitrogen can be converted into ammonia by some cyanobacteria, which can then be used for making nitrogen-based compounds.

This is different from plants, where H2O is split to get electrons and H+.

Some cyanobacteria do this.

Thebacteria include parasites, pathogens, and decomposers.

Heterotrophicbacteria form relationships with their hosts.
Many of thebacteria in our bicyle provide us with vitamins and minerals while we can't digest them.
The growth and potential for illness of thesebacteria are limited by the competition they have with the pathogenicbacteria.

The bonds on the surface ofbacteria help them attach.

The signaling molecule that recruits otherbacteria is released by somebacteria in a cooperation-like behavior.

Dental plaque and biofilms that form on the inside of bladder walls are responsible for many urinary tract infections.

Both Archaea andbacteria are prokaryotes.

There are different types oflipids in the Archaeal plasma membranes.

Ribosome activity is disrupted by some antibiotics.

Introns are present in some archaea but not in others.

Many archaea live in very salty, hot, or acidic habitats, while others live in the same habitats asbacteria.

The Eukarya areyotes.

The four kingdoms are described in the following discussion.

Organisms in this kingdom may be multicellular.

The evolutionary relationships among various groups are either weak or both.

This kingdom is artificial and used for convenience.

This kingdom has a degree of organization that will help you remember it.

They consume either living cells or dead organic matter.

The cells feed on organic matter.

The individual cells of the slug form a stalk with a capsule at the top, similar to the bodies of many fungi.
The cycle repeats when the sphyxes are released under improved environmental conditions.

The breakdown products from the action of digestion are absorbed by most fungi.

The movement of water and minerals is aided by the growth of the fungus on the plant's roots.

The plant provides sugars to the fungus.

If the alga is nitrogen-fixing, it provides sugar from photosynthesis.

Water and protection from the environment are provided by the fungus.
Some fungi produce substances that protect algae from harmful rays or harmful substances that discourage them from consuming them.

Most of the Fungi form temporary diploid structures for sexual reproduction.

A diploid nucleus is formed when the hyphae and haploid nuclei from two different strains come together.
The haploid condition is restored by meiosis of the diploid nucleus.
The daughter cells form haploid hyphae.
The production of haploid spores that result from the destruction of haploid hyphae is asexually reproduced by Fungi.

When we think of plants, we think green things that use sunlight.

Plants are as diverse as their habitats because they live almost everywhere.
Plants are multicellular.

All plants are autotrophic.

The plants are in the ground.

Your understanding of the differences among plants is evaluated by the AP exam.

It focuses on strategies that plants use to respond to environmental stimuli.

All animals are multicellular.

Heterotrophic animals are all humans.

The diploid generation is the most dominant in the life cycle of animals.

Most animals are motile at some point in their life cycle.

A review of the material presented in this chapter is provided by the questions that follow.

They can be used to evaluate how well you understand the concepts.
AP multiple-choice questions are often more general, covering a broad range of concepts.
The two practice exams in this book are for these types of questions.

Four possible answers or sentence completions are followed by each of the following questions or statements.

The one best answer or sentence is what you choose.

The following key is used for questions 3-7.

The answer in the key can be used more than once or not at all.

Nitrogen-fixingbacteria live in the plant roots.

The plants and the bacteria have a mutualistic relationship in which the plants get nitrogen from the bacteria in exchange for sugars.

Decomposers get their energy from the organic molecule in dead or decaying organic matter.

Chitin is found in arthropods and in the cell walls of fungi.

There are peptidoglycans in the cell walls.
The flagellin is found in the flagella.

Bacteriorhodopsin is found in some archaea.

The plasmodial slime molds are examples of mutualism.

Both mycorrhizae and Lichens are related to plants.
Nitrogen-fixingbacteria are mutualistic with plants.