Chapter 2

The Caribbean Islands were required to reverse some of the basic presumptions of English law.

It was contrary to the patriarchal foundations of English law.

The men who sat in Virginia's House of Burgesses wouldn't propose such a thing lightly.

In 1656, she petitioned for her freedom based on her father's status.

William Bacon's Rebellion was named after him.
He fathered two of Key's children and married her after taking her case.
Key was freed from bondage.

Key escaped her mother's fate because her father and husband were both free Englishmen.

Key's avenue to freedom was closed by the 1662 statute.

The process by which the institution of chattel slavery was molded to the needs of colonial planters is just one example of how Europeans adapted the principles they brought with them to their new surroundings.

On the one hand, we see how people in positions of power are affected by their social and political beliefs, while on the other, we see how people in different states are affected by their social and political beliefs.
The outlines of a new world began to emerge from the collision of cultures through countless contests of power and authority.

In this 1670 painting, Lord Baltimore holds a map of Maryland, the colony he owned and which would soon belong to his grandson Cecil, shown in the painting as already grasping his magnificent inheritance.

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Spain's Tribute Colonies produced 200 tons of silver per year, accounting for half the world's supply.

The two great indigenous empires of the Americas European interest in the Americas took shape under the influence of Spain's conquest of the Aztec and Inca European empire.

There was a lot of silver across the empires.
Spanish colonizers were able to tap money from the Pacific Ocean to China in exchange for the enormous wealth of China.

After native rulers were overthrown in Europe, the gold that had once been honored by the Aztec and Inca gods flowed into archs and into America.

The Spanish crown was able to benefit from being centrally controlled to protect their wealth.
The Spanish caused ruinous inflation.

There was a new society on the lands.

Between 1500 and 1650, at least 350,000 Spaniards tile responses from Spain's European rivals migrated to the Americas.

There were 300,000 Africans arriving in a new American world.

Leading conquistadors grew after Pizarro and Moctezuma were defeated.
They claim tribute in labor and goods from Indian communities over time.
The pattern of prominent men conning among the principal groups was set early, as a result of the legal code that differ.

The value of these grants was greatly improved by the discovery of gold and silver in Mexico and the Andes, but the number of peoples of Spanish and mixed-race declined in both Mexico and the Andes.

The number grew after descent.
In the beginning, the Spaniards congreed the conquest, mines were developed in gated cities, but eventually they moved into the coun Guanajuato and created large estates.
Indian workers were forced into the mines by most of the laborers who made them available to the Empire.

Spanish priests increased agricultural yields and pop gious ceremonies and texts and converted natives to Christianity, which suppressed growth in other continents.

Many animals, plants, and germs were carried to the Americas from The Columbian Exchange.

The natural American landscapes were altered by the Spanish invasion.

Smallpox, influ, and other silent killers dogs and llamas were not domesticated by Native Americans, but were brought from Europe and Africa and brought with them an enormous Old World bestiary.
In the densely populated core areas, populations of grains like rice, wheat, and oats made the transatlantic voyage decline by 90 percent or more in the first century.

Spain tried to get the sexually transmitted disease back to Europe but was unable to hold onto it.

A Tupinamba Indian named Jeppipo Wasu captured a German soldier named Hans Staden.

When Wasu and his family traveled to a neighboring village, they were very sick.

The Columbian Exchange, a vast intercontinental movement of plants, animals, and diseases, began as European traders and explorers traveled around the world between 1430 and 1600.

Corn and potatoes enriched the diet of Europeans, Africans, and Asians.
The native inhabitants of the Western Hemisphere were almost wiped out by the diseases of the African and Eurasian regions.

In opposition to Protestantism.

After Martin Luther's attack on the Catholic, Henry broke with Rome and began a Protestant critique of Catholicism.
Spain became the wealthiest nation in Europe and England was granted an annulment after Mex ico placed himself at the head of the new Church of Peru.

The most powerful ruler was King Philip II.

Philip was determined to follow the teachings of the Catholic Church and root out any challenges to it.
Faced with a lot of pressure, they appeared.
Queen Netherlands, a collection of Dutch- and Flemish Elizabeth I, approved a Protestant con speaking provinces that had grown wealthy from tex fession of faith.
At the same time, Elizabeth tile manufacturing and trade with Portuguese outposts retained the Catholic ritual of Holy Communion and in Africa and Asia.
They revolted against Spanish rule in archbishops in order to protect their Calvinist faith.

A painting by an anonymous artist depicts a pair of Dutch ambassadors being received by Queen Elizabeth I.

The seventeen provinces that made up the Dutch Republic were in rebellion against Spanish rule and hoped for Elizabeth's support.
She signed the Treaty of Nonsuch to support the Dutch cause.
The Spanish Armada was defeated in 1588.

The independence of the Anglican Church diverted workers and resources from Spain, which was against Philip II.

Francis Drake, a Protestant farmer's son from America, was the most famous military service of these Elizabethan "sea dogs".

By the time of Philip's death in 1598, Spain's economy was in serious decline.

England grew during the Pacific to disrupt Spanish shipping to Manila.

England captured two Spanish treasure from 3 million in 1500 to 5 million in 1630 as its population soared.

English merchants had long supplied gold, silk, and spices to bring his investors a 4,700 per European weavers with high cent return on their investment.

Why did Spain's economy speak Catholic Ireland?

The Irish "wild sav wool from the owners of great disrepair and England's ages" who were more barbarous and brutish in estates and sent it "out" to land economy improve in their customs.

English soldiers massacred thousands before weaving into cloth.

The treatment of Indians in North America was figured out.

Calvinism in Holland was wiped out by this system of state-assisted manufacturing.

Elizabeth reduced imports and destroyed the Spanish fleet after she encouraged him.

Philip continued to spend his American gold and trade caused gold and silver to flow into England and silver to be used in religious wars, an ill-advised policy that stimulated further economic expansion.

In order to survive the present and carve out pathways to which the monarch's future can be found, import duties were boosted.

By 1600, Elizabeth's policies laid the groundwork for overseas colonization.

The merchant fleet and wealth of English was needed to challenge Spain's control of the Western Hemisphere.

The sugar plantations on Madeira, the Plantation Colonies Azores, the Cape Verdes, and Sao Tome were created by the Portuguese.

As Spain hammered out its American empire and sugar mills were established in Pernambuco, it struggled against its Protestant rivals.
Each large plantation had its own milling oper, created by England, France, and the Netherlands, because sugarcane is extremely heavy and rots cessful plantation settlements in Brazil.

From the tropical coast of Brazil northwestwards through the West Indies and into the tropical and subtropical lowlands of southeastern North America, the plantation zone was extended.

Sugar was the most important plantation crop in the Americas, but where the soil or climate could not support it, planters explored other options, including tobacco, indigo, cotton, and rice.

In 1559, when a wave of smallpox left the island, the diseases that had been unsupplied for several years vanished.

The fate of old people.
As a result, the "lost colony" remains a compelling turned to African slaves in ever-growing numbers.

The switch was done.

The charge of English expansion was taken by merchants after Brazil's occupation.
In 1606, King James I ment progressed more slowly, it required both trial and hard work to build a colony.

The lands stretching from present-day North Carolina to southern New York are all in London.

The company's directors named the region England was slow to embrace the prospect of planting Virginia to honor the memory of Elizabeth I.
The colonies in the Americas were influenced by the Spanish example.
The Virginia Company sent an all-male group to Newfoundland and Maine in the 1580s with no women, organized and poorly funded.
Native peoples along the Atlantic coast harvest fish, crabs, and oysters that are rich in vitamins and minerals.
The Indians gather fish in the shallow waters of the Albemarle Sound in this watercolor by the English adventurer John White.

The weir used to catch fish and store them for later consumption.

The transition of North America took place during the 17th century.

Others wanted to make a quick profit.

The men didn't fare well in their new environment.

They settled on a swampy peninsula to honor the king after arriving in Virginia.

Historians and archaeologists plan to use the settlements along the eastern coast of North America for further exploration.

The Art but only England had a lot of settlers.

French, Dutch, Swedish, and English colonies were trading European manufacturers to Native Americans in exchange for animal furs and skins, which had far-reaching implications for Indian societies.

In December 1607, Smith led a group of people up the river in search of food.

Smith was captured by two hundred warriors and taken to the village of Werowacomoco.
It was on this occasion that Pocahontas interceded to save his life.
The note at the bottom of the engraving is incorrect, as it was Opechancanough who took Smith captive.

38 of the 120 men were alive nine months later.

The English rates of death remained high after the death of John Rolfe.
More tactics failed than had been dispatched to Jamestown.
It was not possible to decide who would pay more than half.
Our men were destroyed with tribute to who led to more than a decade of uneasy cruell diseases, as Swellings, Fluxes, Burning Fevers, relations, followed by a long era of ruinous warfare.

Americas is a place used by Indians as a medicine.

He was willing to use his strength.
John Rolfe found a West Indian strain that would treat the English traders as potential allies who could flourish in Virginia soil and produce a small amount of valuable goods.
Thousands of new settlers were provided by him.
The English came to hungry English explorers with corn and nicotine in return.
James I wanted "hatchets".

The English would soon name Virginia after Pocahontas, who was born around 1596 in the region.

What we know of her comes from other people.
She was the first Native American to marry an Englishman, and she traveled to England with her husband and son.
In June 1617, Pocahontas died in Gravesend, England.

His daughter's clubs were sent to her father so that he could beate out his braines.

Corne, be friends with us.

His marriage came so one to the knowledge of Powhatan, a thing acceptable to him, that within ten daies he sent Opachisco, an old Uncle of hers, and two of his sons, to see the marriage.

The marriage of John Rolfe and Pocahontas took place in April 1614.

Rolfe defended his motives in a letter to Virginia's deputy-governor.

I went to see her after a brief hello, without any long time bin so intangled, and in awe.

Adding hereunto her great appearance stranger, and by the same reason, I must not allow of knowledge of God, her capableness.

I will tax or taunt you if you call mee childe, the base rule of their owne filthiness, and so I will bee for ever and ever your Countrie.

According to most historians, the event described and shown in sources 1 and 2 was a Powhatan ritual to make Smith an ally and that his life was not in danger.

Source 6 claims to have recordings of a conversation between Smith and Pocahontas.

From her point of view, imagine the various encounters she had with the Englishmen.

The royal treasury was strengthened by TRANSFORMATION OF NORTH AMERICA.

To foster the flow of migrants, the Virginia an appointed governor, an elected assembly, a formal Company allowed individual settlers to own land, legal system, and an established Anglican Church -- granting 100 acres to every freeman and more to those became the model for royal colonies throughout who imported.

The English America was created by the company.

The governor and the company that developed the second tobacco-growing colony in England could veto its acts.

Land boring Maryland by 1622.
James's successor, King Charles I, was secretly sympathetic to the law of England and granted lands that attracted thousands of new recruits.
To encourage Cecilius to move to a colony in the bay.

Migrants established St. Mary's City at the mouth of the river.

The pro Indians want to minimize religious confrontations.
The governor was ordered to allow "no scandall Opechancanough, Powhatan's younger brother and nor offence to be given to any of the Protestants" by the prietor.

English proposals to place Indian children in schools with wealthy migrants were resisted by him.

Once colony's stability is achieved.
In 1621, the paramount chief of the settlers, Opechancanough, told the elected assembly that Baltimore's powers should be taken away and that the leader of the neighboring Potomack Indians should be given the right to initiate legislation.

His Opechancanough almost succeeded in protecting it.

Christians have the right to follow their beliefs.

The governor and advisory council of Sir Thomas Warner were appointed by a small English party under the command of the king.

The king's Privy Council, a committee French group to settle the other end of the island, must approve all legislation.
The king needs to defend their position.

Making sugar requires a lot of hard labor and expertise.

Field slaves worked strenuously in the hot tropical sun to cut the sugarcane and carry it to an ox or wind-powered mill where it was pressed to yield the juice.
Slave artisans took over.
After heated the juice, they added ingredients that separated the sugar from the molasses and distilled it into rum.

The English and French Colonists were able to experiment with a wide variety of cash within a few years.

The mutual occupation of the island began in the 1640s.

The Lesser Antilles included the French islands of Martinique, Guadeloupe, and St. Bart's, as well as the English Martinique.

In 1655, an English fleet captured the Spanish island of Jamaica and opened it to settlement.

Plantation agriculture on the largest islands encouraged consolida tions to hold out longer.

A large segment of the society was formed from the experimentation of new forms of labor disci.

Sixty percent of pline maximized their control.
There was a lot of death.
Between 1622 and 1640, the colony's largest planters, tured servants and slaves, were brought in by buying additional inden migrants.
It had ever- greater claims to land.

The planter said that all of the resources for outnumbered baptisms in the second half of the seven were in tobacco.

In 1640, exports were 3 million pounds, in 1660 they were 10 million.

The prospect of owning migrants from gentry or noble families was still attractive to settlers.
The vast system of buying English indentured servants in the West Indies was copied by 100,000 English migrants who came to Virginia and from southern England.
The background of 5,000 caused the price of land in Bristol to double, driving servants for the Chesapeake.

Merchants persuaded them to sign nies of North America and the Caribbean once they arrived in Bristol, and life in the plantation colo work was harsh.

The men were bound by community contracts because of the scarcity of towns.

To work for a master for four or five years was not uncommon, and marriages often ended with the death of a spouse, because there were not many women.
Women were pregnant.

In tropical and subtropical climates, servants were valuable cargo.

West Indian planters paid high prices for many contracts because mothers died after having a first or second child.

The location of the Indian villages should be noted.

After 1640, the shift to slave labor was more than a decade old and the white population grew tenfold.

Slowly, more women migrated to Virginia.
John Rolfe noted in 1619 that a Dutch man had a Dutch wife and two children.
There was a decline in the proportion of indentured servants in the labor force.

In 1649, only 2 percent of the population were Africans.

Some bought their freedom exploited their servants, forcing them to work long hours from their owners, and some, like Elizabeth Key, who beat them without cause, won't marry.

If servants ran away or became free in the courts.
Once free, some ambitious nant, masters went to court to increase the term of Africans and purchased slaves or their service.
The labor contracts of English servants were vulnered by female servants.

The political power of the gentry was taken away by the planters.

Tobacco used to sell their contracts to their servants.
It was sold for 30 pence a pound and now it sells for less than one Virginia.

More African workers were imported as they term of their contract.

Only 25% of them achieved their goal of becoming a political elite.
Spencer and other leading legislators did better.
Because men had grown "very sensible of English from African residents by color (white-black) the Misfortune of Wives," many propertied rather than by religion.
The planters married women.

If you want to join the militia, you have to own guns.

They were barred from owning English servants.
In the 1530s, Jacques Cartier went up the St. Law, a mark of inferior legal status, and slavery was claimed for France.
It is becoming a permanent and hereditary condition.
"These two words, century, but in 1608 Samuel de Champlain returned Negro and Slave had by custom grown Homogeneous and founded the fur-trading post of Quebec."

While the Hurons controlled trade north of the Great heart of a tribute-based empire in Latin America, Champlain provided them with manufactured tropical and subtropical environments.

European patterns of eco made guns, which Champlain sold to the Hurons, were more closely replicated.

Jesuits from the Dutch, French, and English traveled to India to live in the country.

They mastered Indian languages and came to coastline, initially searching for a Northwest Passage to understand and respect their values.
Indian peoples initially welcomed the French "Black oped an interest in the region on its own terms."
When the Indians fished for cod on the Grand Banks, they became suspicious of the Christian god because he did not protect them from disease.
A Peoria chief said that a priest's "fables are good only in his own country; we farms and larger manors where they reproduced Euro have our own beliefs, which do not make us die as his pean patterns of agricultural."
Indians blamed the came with a desire to create missionaries.
"If you cannot make rain, they speak of places of refuge where they could put religious ideals nothing less than making away with you," lamented into practice.

New France became an expansive center of zation in the early 17th century, while England were the three pillars of neo- European coloni.

The early trade between Europeans and Indians in the Northeast was dominated by the humble beaver.

The hairs were covered in barbs that allowed them to mat.

Even broad-brimmed hats would hold their shape because European hatmakers pressed this fur into felt so strong.

beavers were hunted to near extinction in North America as hats became fashionable in Europe and the colonies.

The prospects for Europeans who traveled to tropical plantations like Barbados Plantation Colonies were vastly different from those who traveled to neo- European colonies like Massachusetts Bay.

In the former, planters employed small armies of servants and Neo-Europes slaves; in the latter, the first generation of colonists worked hard, often in cold climates and rocky soils.

One of the richest places in the world is the island ofBarbados.

The gentry of cold, being more foolish than wise, have for a time here lost the use of their feet, but others use their fingers.
Some apes are commanded as they please.
With English, French, Dutch, and Indians, they could not get their strong-water bottles into their Scots, Irish, Spaniards, and Jews.

If they are accounted poor, planters will have 30 more or less about 4 or 5 years old, they are well contented and look not so much at they sell them from one to the other as we do sheep.

England dumped its rubbish on the island.

He was a soldier who visited Barbados in 1900.

King Louis XIV discouraged migration.

New France was turned into a royal colony after Louis XIV drafted tens of thousands of men into the military.

The French Calvinist Huguenots from migrat French servants labored under contract for three years in New France, fearing they might win converts and take control of the colony.

French terms were more generous than those for indentured ser legal system, which gave peasants strong rights to their village vants in the English colonies.

One migrant said it was in the village of Saint Ours in Quebec.

By 1698, the Dutch 15,200 lived in New France, compared to 100,000 in England's North American colonies.

Despite this small population, France eventually Dutch control of the Atlantic trade in slaves and sugar claimed a vast inland arcs from the St. Lawrence Valley to the Indian Ocean.

Dutch merchants dispatched the English to drive this expansion.

The Mississippi River in present-day Wisconsin is where Henry Hudson found a route to reach the East Indies.
Robert de La Salle found a river to the Gulf of Mexico when he traveled down the rivers of northeast America in 1681.
To honor Louis.
La Salle named the region Louisiana after Hudson's exploration of the XIV river.
The port of New Orange was founded in 1614 in order to trade furs with the Orleans at the mouth of the Mississippi.
The West India Company, which Lakes and Mississippi are a part of, was formed in 1621 by the Dutch network of forts.
The colonies of New Netherland and Amsterdam were founded by soldiers and missionaries, while Indians, traders, and mixed-race offspring created trading brought in farmers and artisans.

The new colony didn't thrive.

The population of the Dutch Republic was too small to support emigration, and by 1600, Amsterdam had become the financial center of northern Europe, and Dutch finan.
The European banking, insurance, and textile industries were dominated by the ciers.
Dutch merchants owned more ships West India Company granted huge estates along the and employed more sailors than did the wealthy Dutchmen who promised to fleets of England, France, and Spain.
The world's commerce was only managed by New Netherland by 1664.
Less than half of their 5,000 residents fought for independence from Spain and Portugal Dutch.

The wooden palisade suggests that New Amsterdam was a fortlike trading post at the edge of a vast land populated by alien Indian peoples.

The city was a pale imitation of Amsterdam.
The first settlers built their houses in the Dutch style, with gable ends facing the street, and excavated a canal across lower Manhattan Island.

Spanish, Portuguese, and Dutch merchants took control of the maritime trade routes between Europe and India, Indonesia, and China.

Two new trading connections were created by them.
The South Atlantic System carried slaves, sugar, and manufactured goods between Europe, Africa, and the valuable plantation settlements in Brazil and the Caribbean islands.
Spanish American silver was sent to China in exchange for silks, ceramics, and other items.

Like New France, New Netherland flourished as a relations -- an uneasy welcome, followed by ten fur-trading enterprise.

The Dutch were afflicted by trade with the powerful sions and war, but gradually improved.
Dutch designs on Indian lands had less respect for their Indian-speaking souls and were only looking to do business.

After the Indian war, the West India Algonquian peoples took over their trading net and expanded their work, which included trading corn and wampum from Long to African Island for furs from Maine.

New France and the colony were the subject of a question from the governor.

The colony's ing hundreds of men, women, and children, as well as diverse Dutch, English, and Swedish residents, were the targets of vicious warfare waged by the Dutch to defeat the Algonquians.

The residents of New Netherland offered less brutal than the Mohawks.

Colony fell as New Netherland became New York.

By 1640, the region had attracted more than English control.

Unlike the early arrivals in Virginia and Barbados, these were not parties of young The Rise of the Iroquois male explorers looking for their fortunes or bound to labor for someone else.

Like other native groups decimated by European dis create communities like the ones they left behind, eases and warfare, but they were able to to Protestant principles, as John Calvin said.

Their numbers were small compared to the York, which dominated the region between the French and Caribbean and the Chesapeake.
Obtaining guns and goods from Dutch ratio and an organized approach to community formation merchants at Fort Orange allowed them to multiply quickly.
They distributed land terror to their neighbors.
They built a society of independent farm fami lent in response to the disease, which cut their lies.
By establishing a "holy commonwealth," they number by one-third and gave a moral aspect to American history.

The Puritans left the Church of England.

Some Puritans formed a new nation, the Wyandots, after King James I threatened to drive them out of the country.

The warriors of the Iroquois decided to remain in New England, south to the Carolinas, and north to Quebec by moving to America.

The Pilgrims dominated Indian groups along the way through the Great Lakes and Mississippi.
The map of northeastern North was changed into a civill body politick because of the Beaver Wars, which lacked a royal charter.

The French self-governing religious congregation was the model for the allied Algonquian Indians in the 16th century.

France was going to war against the Iroquois.

The last of the Five Nations spring, the Mohawks, were the last of the first migrant group to survive.

Jesuit missionaries were accepted into Five Nations and the Pilgrims' religious discipline encouraged communities as part of the peace settlement.
The local Wampanoags moved to the St. Lawrence Valley because of the smallpox epidemic, which was converted to Catholicism in 1618.
By 1640 there were 3,000 tled in mission communities.
Their descendants still live today to ensure political stability.

A new alliance with conscience.

England plunged deeper into religious would continue to be a dominant force in politics.

For generations to come, I repudiated certain of the Northeast.

The king of "popery" was accused of holding Catholic beliefs by the English Puritans.

Charles dissolved Parliament in 1629 and in 1620 English Protestants landed at a place they claimed the authority to rule by "divine right."
A decade later, a raised money through royal edicts and the sale of a larger group began to arrive just north of monopolies.

Between 1620 and 1640, forty-five thousand Puritans left England for America and the West Indies.

They created societies with deep religious identities in the New England colonies.

The three major centers of Puritanism in England are Yorkshire, East Anglia, and the West Country.
The English towns of origin were often named after American communities.
In Massachusetts Bay, settlers from Yorkshire moved their customary system of open-field agriculture to Rowley.

The Winthrop Church of England, which did not separate from the corrupt and overburdened with people, sought land for his children and a place in Christian mony and hierarchy and fled to America.

The migrants were told that they would be as a City upon a Hill.

The Puritan exodus began in 1630 with the departure of 900 migrants led by John Winthrop, a well-educated man who became the first governor of the a Hill.

The Puritans wanted a reformed Christian society that questioned the Puritans' seizure of Indian lands.

He was exiled from the colony in 1636.

They hoped to inspire religious reform of Boston by establishing the town of Providence on land throughout Christendom.

The gious dissidents settled nearby at the Massachusetts Bay Colony and the town of Boston.

The Rhode commercial agreement allows investors to pool Island with full authority to rule themselves.

To make sure that they rule by the God.

Rejecting the Hutchinson.

The wife of a merchant and mother of Colony's policy of religious tol seven, Hutchinson held weekly prayer meetings for erance, the Massachusetts Bay Colony established women and accused Boston clergymen of plac Puritanism as the state-supported religion.
Hutchinson did not believe that salvation could be Bible as a legal guide.
"Where there is no law, they earned through good deed."
God saved those who migrated to the colony, along with 10,000 others who fled.
Hutchinson had hard times in England.

Seeing the Puritans as heretical.

John Calvin inspired many that both men and women could be saved.

Only a few people were saved by women.

The Puritans could vote in church affairs.
The confidence in salvation that trates accused Hutchinson of teaching came from spiritual guidance by their ministers.
An individual was freed from the rules of the Church and found guilty of holding heretical views because of still grace.

To maintain chusetts Bay in the 1630s, the Massachusetts Bay magistrates decided on or near the God's favor.

Roger Williams, the Puritan minister in Salem, a pendent of one another, secured a charter coastal town north of Boston in 1660.
Williams was against King Charles II establishing an official religion and praising the governing colony of Connecticut.
Williams was a member of the original Puritan colony.

The Puritan triumph in England was short-lived.

Cromwell took control of the Commonwealth in 1653 after the Church of England imposed a prayer book on him.

The Scottish army invaded England in 1658 after the death of the rebel.
Hundreds of American Puritans joined the chy of bishops after the restoration of the monarchy.
England's experiment in radical Protestant power was started with Charles II on the Scots.
The parliamentary government came to an end after years of civil war.

They came to New England expecting a lot of rituals from the Church of England.

When the English Revolution failed, ministers told congregation to create a republican society in America.

Calvinism and the Atlantic republican tradition flourished in the Puritan colonies.

Puritans believed that the world was full of supernatural forces.

There were signs of God's power in blazing stars, birth defects, and other unusual events.

In 1692, the most dramatic witch-hunting happened in Salem.

Several girls accused their neighbors of bewitching them.
The accusations spun out of control when judges allowed the use ofspectral evidence at the witches' trials.
19 people were executed for being witches in Massachusetts Bay.
The conflict between Protestants and Catholics took many forms.

The Puritans tried to subordinate women in North America.

In 1690s, the early settlers of Massachusetts Bay declared that they had escaped out of the pollutions of the world and vowed to live close togither.
It is likely that land given to Massachusetts Bay and Connecticut played a role in the executions.

Widespread ownership of land did not mean that government officials discouraged legal equality of wealth or status.

"Ordained differed tions for witchcraft."
"Many influential people have degrees and orders of men," proclaimed Boston, "some to be Masters and a major intellectual movement that began around 1675 Commanders and others to be Subjects."

Town proprietors usually give large plots to men of high social status who often have strange occurrences and sudden deaths, as well as selectmen and justices of the peace.

They built their European peasants.

Nathaniel Fish was one of the poorer men in the town of Barnstable and he rejected the feudal practices of English society.
He was a voting member of the town region of pasture lands and few manors, and had no meeting, but he owned a two-room cottage, 8 acres of land, an ox, and a cow.
Fish and other farmers in the area want to live as tenants of rich people or pay taxes that are oppressive by a distant government.
The prosperity of well-to-do Boston households can be seen in this 1670 portrait of David, Joanna, and Abigail Mason.
Three people wear white linen with lace and expensive ribbons.
Eight-year-old David is dressed like a gentleman; his slashed sleeves, kid gloves, and silvertipped walking stick represent the height of English fashion.
Puritans were uneasy about finery.
The spirit of worldliness, a spirit of sensuality, was gaining strength in the younger generation.

The meeting house and town center were represented by a triangle on the town plan.

The pattern of roads andpaths in Andover suggests a hilly topography, which gave the Merrimack River a strong current and many rapids.

Puritan towns used to be small, with families living close to one another in village centers and traveling to work in the surrounding fields.

This pattern is clearly shown on the 1640 map of Wethersfield, Connecticut, a town located on the broad plains of the Connecticut River Valley.
The first settlers chose to live in the village center.
The people of eastern Massachusetts were encouraged to leave.
Many residents of the village were living on farms far away from the village center.

The selectmen who managed town affairs were from North America.

The town's representatives to the General Relations between colonists and Indians in early New Court were selected by the farmers of New England.
Fish and thousands of Indian groups lived there before Europeans arrived, and New England was bordered by the Dutch a new world of opportunity.

The region's Indian leaders created alliances for the purpose of trade and everywhere in the colonies, but there were disagreements over the legitimacy of colonial leaders' Massachusetts and Connecticut.

Conflicts erupted into violent episodes.

Because of their alliance, they show how colonial societies pressured people to side with English traders.
The killing of English trader power in July 1636 started a series of violent encounters.
When these claims werecontested, the results began to escalate until May 1637, when a could quickly turn deadly.

The hunners buried their dead in temporary raised tombs so that they could care for their spirits.

The bones of the dead were reburied in a common pit in the villages that were moved in order to find better hunting grounds.
The ceremony united living and dead clan members to strengthen the bonds of the Confederacy.
It was believed that the spirits of the dead could be released to allow them to travel to the land where the first Huron, Aataentsic, fell from the sky.

In the months that followed, the New Englanders divided their lands.

Puritans believed that they were God's chosen people.

They thought about the morality of acquiring Native American lands.

New Englanders' confidence in their enterprise was confirmed by the Pequot War.

Puritans believed that their church should accept all people.

It was hard for them to accept that Indians could be counted among the elect because of their strong emphasis on predestination.
The Puritans committed history of New England.
The painting done to convert Indians was done in the 1850s.
The story of King Philip's Vineyard was told on Martha's on a semi transparent cloth and lit from behind.
Metacom is not a community of Wampanoag Christians.

In the 19th century, whites in New England adopted fourteen Indian praying towns after John Eliot translated the Bible into Algonquian.

Indians were outnumbered by three to England in New England by the 1670s.

It's almost every day.
To the Wampanoag Indians' "burneing houses, take how did New Englanders' leader Metacom (also known as King Philip), the pros ing cattell, killing men & women religious ideas influence pects for coexistence looked dim.

The Massachusetts Bay government hired authorities to prosecute Indian warriors for violating English laws after they ran short of gun killed wandering hogs that devastated their cornfields.

The English set Metacom that the English had tlers called King Philip's War.

The war of 1675-1676 between Puritans and Native Americans is not the cause of every American war.

The English settlers believed that the Wampanoag chief Metacom was behind it.
We don't have firsthand Indian accounts of Metacom's War, but three English accounts offer different versions of events.

We knew that the English said that John Easton was the deputy governor of Rhode Island and that the Indians said that the English had hurt them.

We wanted the quarrel to be tried to prevent the war because Easton was a pacifist.
The "Relacion" was written in the best way possible, and not as dogs decide after the conflict is over.

The indians owned that fighting was the worst way to die, and the coroner inquest of the colony judged that way.

The dead Indian was referred to by a different name.
English agreed against a Christian that could read and write.

The Indians reported that they were afraid of the English cattle.

Philip and horses continued to increase.
Philip held his men in his arms.

We left without any discourtesies and were told by the governor that he was jealous.

Philip thanked the Governor for his Philip, that they intended in arms to subjugate, would do no harm.
The war began when the Indians were hung on June 8.

The Indians would kill Charles H. Lincoln if they knew about it.

The nies were tried to be subject to English control.

We sent a man to Philip because we had cause to believe that it would happen.

He called his council and agreed to come to us;Philip came himself, without a gun, and about forty of his various are the reports and theories of the causes of men armed.

We went over to speak to the war in India.
Three of them were judges.
We went to Boston to Christianize those together.

The plunder of the nearest houses proved intolerable.

While that the inhabitants had deserted on the rumor of a war, the magistrates put the laws severely but as yet offered no violence to the people, at least none in execution against the Indians, the people were killed.
The alarm was given by the other side for the purpose of provoking the numbers and hostile equipage of the Indians.

The governor had their fill of rum and brandy the same day as the express.

Some believe that vagrants and jesuitical of the towns have made it their business to march the greatest part of their French priests, who have made it their business to rendezvous at Taunton.

The enemy, who began their hostilities with plunder chief, to exasperate the Indians against the English, did not long content themselves to bring them into a confederacy, and that they were with that game.

They thirsted for English blood, and they promised supplies from France and other parts to soon broached it; killing two men in the way not far from extirpate the English nation out of the continent of Mr.

The resentment of some mind to dispossess him was drawn out by these provocations.

Prentice's troop complained of inju liberty to go out and seek the enemy in their own quarters, as Philip and his Indians had done to them.

The commission was given by God to rise against them.

For men with long hair and periwigs made of women's hair.

The causes of the war are discussed in these documents.

In 1716, Church's son Thomas wrote an account of the war based on his father's notes and recollections.

Mr. Church was working on his new farm.

There was a rumor of a war between the English and the natives.

Massachusetts and Rhode Island killed 1,000 yeomen and retained their voting rights, they were tlers, nearly 5 percent of the adult population.

Berkeley and his allies were living on borrowed time.

One quarter of the population died.

The Nipmuck peoples moved west after the Indian conflict started.
When the English invaded in 1607, they married the tribes allied to the French.

The native population of the displaced Indian peoples dwindled to 3,500 over the next century.

Europeans and French Catholics joined forces to attack Puritan enemies.
The Metacom's War did not reach 2,500.
Most Indians lived on treaty-guaranteed eliminate the presence of Native Americans in south territory along the frontier, which destroyed their and landless former servants' existence as independent peoples.

Their demands were ignored by Governor Berkeley and the planter-merchants who wanted a ready supply of tenants and laborers.

A band of Virginia militiamen murdered thirty Indians in the late 1675's after a conflict with neighboring Indians.

The way in which a land rounded a village and killed a colony of settlers highlighted the way in which five Native leaders came out to negotiate.

In addition, it dramatized the nocks retaliated by attacking outlying plantations and how ordinary colonists could challenge the right of killing three hundred whites.
A new planter elite will rule over them.

Economic and political power were used to deter Indian intrusions.

The settlers dismissed this Virginia as a useless plot by a small group of men who had amassed land, slaves, and political offices.

Many tured servants were forced to lease lands or sign new people as the leader of the rebels because it was hard to get land of their own.

To make ends meet, bacon held indentures.
The position on the governor's council made matters worse, as he was shut out of the price of tobacco until planters received only Berkeley's inner circle and differed with Berkeley on penny a pound for their crops in the 1670s.

William Berkeley was the governor of Virginia between 1642 and 1652 and was attacked by any Indians he could find.

Berkeley gave large land grants to members of his council to consolidate power.

The lands were exempt from taxation but the governor was forced to release their friends as justices of the peace and leader and hold legislative elections.

The judges have been elected.
To win support in the House of House of Burgesses, Berkeley bought off legislators with land curbed the powers of the governor and council and grants and lucrative appointments as sheriffs and tax restored voting rights to landless freemen.

When the reforms came too late, social unrest erupted.

Poor took the vote away from landless freemen, who resented years of exploitation by half the adult white men.
"Although property wealthy planters, arrogant justices of the peace, and power and sway is got into the hands of the rich, Berkeley's allies are still alive and well.
The governor took revenge against the rebels after they lost their leader, bacon, in October 1676, and seized the estates of the well-to-do rebels.

Virginia's leaders worked harder to appease their neighbors after the Rebellion.

The change made the free population less tense but made subsequent generations of Americans to a labor system based on racial exploitation.

Metacom's War reminds us that these colonies were unfinished worlds, still searching for viable foundations.

In the late 19th century, Spanish colonizers made Nathaniel Bacon a hero of the indigenous peoples of the Americas and the Andes, and a progenitor of the Confederate rebels of 1860-1865.

The Association for the Preservation of Virginia commissioned this stained-glass covery of precious metals to generate enormous wealth, window depicting bacon in dual guises, which Philip II used to defend the interests of the state.
There is a window of the Powder Magazine in a church in Europe.

One yeoman was overtaken by African slavery.

TheManifesto and Declaration were issued in new settings by 400 systems of social and economic organization armed men.

The Americas flowed to Europe, monarchies were Columb ian Exchange, and the competition among them was strengthened.

The schism between Protestants and early regions of English settlement on mainland Catholics gave rise to new force and energy in the New England region.
The adjustment to new colonies demanded political, social, and cultural stances that sparked conflict with neighboring Indians and innovations that threw Europeans, Native Americans, waves of instability within the colonies.
The internal and external crises were caused by the struggle to triggered massive ecological change through the adapt to the rigors of colonization.

Explain the significance of each term.

You can demonstrate your understanding of the chapter's main ideas by answering these questions.

Answer these questions to recognize the larger developments within and across the chapters.

There were many parallels between Native image of John Smith and Opechancanough on page American, European, and African societies on the 49.

What are the colonial American settings?

The events discussed in this chapter can be found here.

There is an interactive map feature in the Salem witchcraft trials.

You should ask yourself why this chapter begins and ends with these dates.

The colonies were largely independent of crown control and a coherent imperial vision emerged slowly.

The impact of warfare on the Americas was huge after 1689.

British, French, and Spanish colonies sought to use neighboring Indians as allies in their fight to control North American territory as wars spilled over into the area.
In the same years, Native American polities underwent dramatic changes that made them function more effectively in relation to their European neighbors.
The foundation for more intensive interactions across the Atlantic was laid by warfare, immigration, and trade.

The cultural movements they supported helped to knit together the colonies of British North America.

The population movements were part of the larger.

The growth and development of the Atlantic World, a tribute-based societies at the core of Spain's empire phrase historians use to refer to the quickening pace developed into complex multiracial societies, was dominated by Brazil.
The rise of the British Atlantic was a mining enterprise and the Dutch withdrew their phenomenon that began with the strength of energies from the Americas.
The navy's holdings are growing.
After 1660, the population of Britain's colonies grew and diversified.
Britain came to dominate the Atlantic.

The print great majority went to Jamaica, and the revolution brought a vast array of ideas into other sugar islands, but half a million found their way to the mainland.

The British Atlantic World gave rise to four critically British North America.

Enlight Non-English Europeans crossed the Atlantic in enment ideas and helped to create a large number of people.

The ethnic landscape of Britain's community of literati interested in science and rational mainland colonies was dramatically altered by 115,000 ism; it supported communities of Pietists who promoted migrants from Ireland.
Most of the immigrants to the colonies obtained access to genteel values and the finery Pennsylvania, which soon had the most ethnically needed to put them into action.

Some of the important and rise of the British Atlantic are organized in this timeline.

The demographic changes outlined by rival European empires.

Indian relations were influenced by the conflicts that came to the North American theater.

The Native American populations were devastated by the effects of the Columbian Exchange.

The rise of imperial warfare encouraged the process of "tribalization," whereby Indians regrouped into political structures -- called "tribes" by Europeans -- that could deal more effectively with their colonial neighbors and strike alliances in times of war.

Europeans used Indian allies as proxy warriors in their conflicts.

The Great War for Empire began in the North American backcountry and engaged thousands of provincial soldiers and Native American warriors.

The Treaty of Paris gave Britain control of the east of the Mississippi.

The events would show a mixed blessing.