15.5 Phospholipids

15.5 Phospholipids

• Draw the structure of alipid.

• The third hydroxyl group forms a bond with an alcohol.

• There are three alcohols found in glycerophospholipids.

• The alcohols are ionized in the body.

• Choline and sometimes serine are found in Lecithins and Cephalins.

• Both polar and non polar regions allow for interaction between Phosphatidylethanolamine with two palmitic fatty acids and a cephalin Phosphatidylcholine.

• A simplified drawing shows the polar and non polar regions.

• The modified saliva glands of poisonous snakes produce venom.
• Venom is ejected when a snake bites.
• hemolysis of the red blood cells occurs when they are permeable to water.

• The structure of the cephalin contains glycerol, two stearic acids (18:0),phosphate, and serine.

• Draw the structural formula for the lecithin that contains glycerol, two myristic acids, andphosphate.

• Sphingosine increases the speed of nerve impulses and protects the nerve cells.

• sphingomyelin is lost in multiplesclerosis.
• Nerve signals are affected by scars on the neurons.

• Depending on the amount of damage, coordination and vision can be lost.
• The cause of multiplesclerosis is not known and some researchers think that a virus is involved.
• There are several studies that suggest that adequate levels of vitamin D may help the impaired.

• sphingosine, palmitic acid,phosphate, and choline are found in eggs.
• The formula for this sphingomyelin was drawn.

• Stearic acid is found in the brain.
• The structure of this sphingomyelin is drawn using the ionized formula.

• If an infant is born before 28 weeks of age, the low level of surfactant and immature lung development will cause the air sacs to inflate.
• The air sacs collapse if there is not enough surfactant.
• As a result, alveoli cells are damaged, less oxygen is taken in, and more carbon dioxide is retained, which can lead to hypoxic and acidosis.

• Airway mature fetal lung function, an L /S ratio of 2.4 to 1.6 indicates a low risk, and a ratio of less than 1.5 indicates a high risk of IRDS.
• The L /S ratio ofamniotic fluid is measured before an early delivery.
• Steroids may be given to the mother if the L /S ratio is low.
• The treatment for premature infants includes the use of steroids to help the lungs grow and the administration of supplemental oxygen to help minimize damage to the lungs.

• The function of a premature infant is respiratory distress.

• The structure of the cephalin contains glycerol, two palmitic acids,phosphate, and ethanol O amine.

• Draw the structural formula for the lecithin that can duct nerve impulses in the body, as a lecithin or cephalin, and contains glycerol, two palmitic acids,phosphate, and choline list its components.

• The structures of steroids can be drawn.

• The carbon atoms are numbered beginning with the carbons in ring A, and in steroids like cholesterol, ending with two methyl groups.

• cholesterol has a double bond between carbon 5 and carbon 6 and a carbon chain at carbon 17.
• The oxygen atom forms a carbonyl group at carbon 3 in other steroids.

• Cholesterol is found in the brain and nerve tissue.
• It is also found in the bile salts and in the skin, where it can be found in large quantities.
• Cholesterol is used to make steroid hormones.
• The body's cholesterol is created from fats, carbohydrates, and proteins.
• The diet includes meat, milk, and eggs.
• There is no cholesterol in plant products.

• Some typical foods have high cholesterol contents.

• If a diet is high in cholesterol, the body makes less cholesterol.
• One of the highest cholesterol levels in the world can be found in a typical American diet.
• According to the American Heart Association, we shouldn't consume more than 300 grams of cholesterol a day.
• Saturated fats and cholesterol are associated with a number of diseases.

• Family history, lack of exercise, smoking, diabetes, gender, and age are some of the factors that may increase the risk of heart disease.

• Cholesterol levels are considered elevated if the total cholesterol level is over 200.
• The production of cholesterol may be stimulated by saturated fat in the diet.
• A diet that is low in cholesterol and saturated fat may be helpful in reducing cholesterol levels.
• Excess cholesterol causes plaque in fat dairy products.
• Eggs, nuts, French fries, fat or organ meats, cheeses, butter, and other high-cholesterol foods can cause a heart attack if we limit our intake.

• The steroid nucleus is formed by four fused rings.

• The sterol classification is determined by the hydroxyl group.

• Cholesterol is not in water but in organic solvent.

• The bile salts mix with the water-insoluble fats and oils in our diet.
• The bile salts act like soaps, breaking down large droplets of fat into smaller droplets.
• The lipases that digest fat have a larger surface area than the smaller droplets.
• The bile salts help with cholesterol absorption.

• The O- Na+ gallbladder has stones when cholesterol levels are high.

• The bile becomes solid and forms gallstones.

• The duodenum, the first part of the small intestine, is normally passed through the bile duct.

• The bladder can be very painful.
• If the duct is blocked, bile can't be removed.

• In the body, lipids must be moved through the bloodstream to tissues where they are stored, pain and blocking bile.

• Most of the lipids in blood are nonpolar and insoluble.
• In general, lipoproteins are spherical particles with an outer surface of polar proteins and phospholipids that surround hundreds of nonpolar molecules of triacylglycerols and cholesteryl esters.
• They are formed by the oxidation of cholesterol with a fat acid.

• There are different types of lipoproteins, which have different densities, composition, and function.
• They include chylomicrons, very-low-density lipoproteins, low-density lipoproteins, and high-density lipoproteins.

• A spherical lipoprotein particle surrounds nonpolar lipids.

• The cholesterol is transported by the two important lipoproteins.
• The synthesis of cell membranes and steroid hormones can be done with the use of cholesterol in the tissues.
• The risk of developing heart disease and myocardial infarctions increases when the LDL exceeds the amount of cholesterol needed by the tissues.
• This is why the cholesterol is called bad.
• bile salts can be eliminated from the body by converting cholesterol from the tissues to bile salts.
• This is why the cholesterol is called good.

• Lipids is a blood test that measures the levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, and LDL in the blood.
• The results of a cholesterol panel can be used to evaluate a patient's risk of heart disease and to help a doctor determine the type of treatment needed.

• Hormones are chemical messengers that communicate from one part of the body to another.

• Birth control pills contain synthetic forms of female sex hormones.

• testosterone increases muscle mass and decreases body fat.
• Steroids have been used in high dosages by some athletes in an effort to increase muscle mass.
• Most sports organizations don't allow such use.

• A reduction in testicle size, low sperm count and infertility, male pattern baldness, and breast development are some of the side effects of using steroids to improve athletic strength.
• There are possible long-term consequences of steroid use in both men and women, including tumors, depression, and heart problems.

• The structures of steroids can be drawn.

• The structure for the steroid nucleus should be drawn.