30.6 The Wave Nature of Matter Causes Quantization

30.6 The Wave Nature of Matter Causes Quantization

  • When a laser of the same type as that which exposed the hologram is passed through a transmission hologram, it creates real and virtual images.
    • The interference pattern is the same as the object that was used to expose it.
  • White light holograms on credit cards are reflection holograms and are more common.
    • White light holograms can appear blurry with rainbow edges due to the different patterns of light in different colors.
    • 3-D images of human organs, as well as statues in museums and engineering studies of structures, are some of the types of 3-D information storage that can be done with holograms.
    • Dennis Gabor, who won the 1971 Nobel Prize in physics for his work, was the inventor of holograms.
    • The interference patterns of lasers are more pronounced.
    • It is possible to record multiple holograms on a single piece of film by changing the angle of the film for each image.
    • holograms that move as you walk by them are a kind of lensless movie.
  • holograms allow complete 3-D hologram displays of objects from a stack of images.
    • It's easy to store these images for future use.
    • High-resolution 3-D images of internal organs and tissues can be made with the use of an endoscope.
  • After visiting some of the applications of different aspects of atomic physics, we now return to the basic theory that was built upon the atom.
    • Einstein said it was important to keep asking the questions.
    • You know the answer.
    • The wave-like properties of electrons were later proposed.
    • In the next module, we will see that they can only exist if they interfere with each other and only certain orbits meet proper conditions.
  • After the initial work on the hydrogen atom, a decade was to pass before de Broglie proposed that matter has wave properties.
    • The wave-like properties of matter were confirmed by observations of electron interference.
    • There are only a few places where electron can exist.
    • A standing wave on a string is what an electron's wavelength must fit into when it is bound to an atom.
    • An electron can be allowed to interfere with itself.
    • Constructive interference isn't produced by all of the orbits.
    • The orbits are quantized.
  • Constructive interference can be obtained when an integral multiple of the electron's wavelength is equal to the circumference.
  • The wavelength of de broglie is here.
  • As stated earlier, this is the rule for allowed orbits.
    • It is the condition for constructive interference of an electron that we now know about.
  • The quantization of energy levels in bound systems is done by the wave nature of matter.
    • The electron can't spiral into the nucleus because it's possible in an atom.
    • It can't be closer to the nucleus.
    • The wave nature of matter gives atoms their sizes.
  • The third and fourth allowed circles have three and four wavelength in their circles.
  • A cloud of probability is consistent with Heisenberg's uncertainty principle because of the wave character of matter.
    • If you use a probe that has a small wavelength to get some information, you will knock the electron out of its path.
    • The location of the electron's position is determined by each measurement.
    • A cloud of probability can be seen in the figure, with each speck of the location determined by a single measurement.
    • There isn't a well-defined type of distribution.
    • Nature is different on a small scale than it is on a large scale.
  • The ground state of a hydrogen atom has a probability cloud.
    • The darkness of the cloud has an effect on the probability of finding the electron.
    • The electron can be very close to the nucleus, but it is not likely to be a great distance.
  • The wave nature of matter causes quantization in bound systems such as the atom.
    • When a particle is confined or bound to a small space, its allowed wavelengths are those which fit into that space.
    • A particle in a box model is free to move in a small space surrounded by barriers.
    • This is true in blackbody radiators as well as in atomic and molecular spectrum.
    • Depending on the size and complexity of the system, various atoms and molecules will have different sets of electron orbits.
    • When a system is large, such as a grain of sand, the tiny waves in it can fit in so many ways that it becomes impossible to see the states that are allowed.
  • The correspondence principle is satisfied.
    • As systems get larger, they look less grainy.
    • Unbound systems, such as an electron freed from an atom, do not have quantized energies since their wavelengths are not constrained to fit in a certain volume.
  • When waves spread out and interfere as they pass through a double slit, they are detected on a screen as tiny dots.