Section 15-3 The Particle in a Ring


Section 15-3 The Particle in a Ring
Figure 15-2 The states between |k| = 0 and 1 are equal in number to those between |k| = 1 and 2, but the former set is packed into a smaller energy range, producing a greater density of states.
15-3 The Particle in a Ring
A particle of mass m constrained to move in the angular coordinate φ about a ring of radius r with V (φ) = 0 is the cyclic analog of the free particle. This system, also described in Chapter 2, is similar in many ways to the one just discussed. Except for the case of E = 0, all solutions are doubly degenerate and describable with real (trigonometric) or complex (exponential) functions. The quantum number j (we will use j in cyclic systems, k in linear systems) is proportional to the angular momentum, to the root of the energy, to the reciprocal wavelength, and to the number of de Broglie waves in one circuit of the ring. However, since the number of waves in the ring must be integral, we have a periodic boundary condition that restricts j to integer values and leads to a discrete energy spectrum as opposed to the continuous spectrum of the free particle.
The diagrams summarizing relations between energies, j , and number of states are collected in Fig. 15-3.
E
0
–2
–1
0
+1
+2
0
1
2
j
NOS (a)
(b)
Figure 15-3 (a) The energy for a particle in a ring has parabolic dependence on j , but exists only when j is an integer. (b) The number of states versus energy. This is the discrete-state analog of the density-of-states plot for a continuum of energies.