6.3. QUOTIENT RINGS
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6.3. QUOTIENT RINGS
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6.3. Quotient Rings In Section 2.7, it was shown that given a group G and a normal subgroup N , we can construct a quotient group G=N and a natural homomorphism from G onto G=N . The program of Section 2.7 can be carried out more or less verbatim with rings and ideals in place of groups and normal subgroups:
For a ring R and an ideal I , we can form the quotient group R=I , whose elements are cosets a C I of I in R. The additive group operation in R=I is .a C I / C .b C I / D .a C b/ C I . Now attempt to define a multiplication in R=I in the obvious way: .a C I /.b C I / D .ab C I /.
We have to check that this this is well defined. But this follows from the closure of I under multiplication by elements of R; namely, if a C I D a0 C I and b C I D b0 C I , then
.ab
a0b0/ D a.b
b0/ C .a a0/b0 2 aI C I b I: Thus, ab C I D a0b0 C I , and the multiplication in R=I is well defined.
Theorem 6.3.1. If I is an ideal in a ring R, then R=I has the structure of a ring, and the quotient map a 7! aCI is a surjective ring homomorphism from R to R=I with kernel equal to I . If R has a multiplicative identity, then so does R=I , and the quotient map is unital.
Proof. Once we have checked that the multiplication in R=I is well defined, it is straightforward to check the ring axioms. Let us include one verification for the sake of illustration. Let a; b; c 2 R. Then .a C I /..b C I / C .c C I // D .a C I /.b C c C I / D a.b C c/ C I D ab C ac C I D .ab C I / C .ac C I / D .a C I /.b C I / C .a C I /.c C I /:
We know that the quotient map a 7! a C I is a surjective homomorphism of abelian groups with kernel I . It follows immediately from the definition of the product in R=I that the map also respects multiplication: ab 7! ab C I D .a C I /.b C I / Finally, if 1 is the multiplicative identity in R, then 1 C I is the multiplicative identity in R=I .
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Example 6.3.2. The ring Zn is the quotient of the ring Z by the principal ideal nZ. The homomorphism a 7! Œa D a C nZ is the quotient homomorphism.
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6. RINGS
Example 6.3.3. For K a field, any ideal in KŒx is of the form .f / D f KŒx for some polynomial f according to Proposition 6.2.27. For any g.x/ 2 KŒx, there exist polynomials q; r such that g.x/ D q.x/f .x/ C r.x/, and deg.r/