37.8 Ion Movement and Gradients

37.8 Ion Movement and Gradients

• All animals and all living things are involved in the transport of ion in a cell.

• K+ receive and process input and direct appropriate output, such as this leap of a frog capturing prey.

• The pumps, cotransporters, and channels of specialized chlorides work together to drive salt from the blood across the gil epithelium and into the surrounding salt water.

• The bacterial flagel is powered by a gradient of H+ ion.

• The flagel ar motor rotates because of the force provided by the reentering Guard cells.