Chapter 23 - Mass Society in an Age of Progress, 1871-1894
This was due to the second industrial revolution. One of the first major changes was substituting steel for iron. There were also new, faster machines and vehicles. Electricity was a big thing since they found power.
The growth of industrial production depended on the development of markets. This made it higher competition in the markets. Three were also larger factories for mass production and efficiency.
In around 1870 industrialization began to spread around the world.
The second revolution also had a major impact on women in societies as they started getting to work, and more roles except for a wife.
Workers formed trade unions to improve their working conditions. Attempts to organize the workers did not come until after unions had won the right to strike in the 1870s.
They started strikes to achieve the workers’ goals. A walkout by female workers in the match industry in 1888 and by dockworkers in London the following year led to the establishment of trade union organizations for both groups.
By 1900, 2 million workers were enrolled in British unions, and by the outbreak of World War I, this number had risen to between 3 million and 4 million.
The new patterns of industrial production, mass consumption, and working-class organization that we identify with supplies and improper elimination of sewage. Improved nutrition
also made a significant difference in the health of the population. The increase in agricultural productivity combined with improvements in transportation facilitated the shipment of food supplies from areas of surplus to regions with poor harvests.
Better nutrition and food hygiene were a big part of the decline in infant mortality by 1900. The pasteurization of milk reduced intestinal disorders that had been a major cause of infant deaths.
Even with the growing social and technological advances in Europe, it was still very overpopulated. The booming economies of North America after 1898 and cheap shipping fares after 1900 led to mass emigration from southern and eastern Europe to North America at the beginning of the twentieth century.
Between 1846 and 1932, probably 60 million Europeans left Europe, half of them bound for the United States and most of the rest for Canada or Latin America.
The most important effect of industrialization in the 19th century is urbanization.
This meant lots more cities, improved living conditions, A lot of jobs, and more technology.
Redesigning cities was also a big thing because of population increases and new ways to design things to better fit our needs.
There were three levels of hierarchy, upper, middle, and lower class. The upper class was in the top 5% of the population. The middle class was the most diverse with various groups and had the most jobs available. The lower class was about 80% of the population and many of them were peasants and did labor jobs.
Throughout most of the nineteenth century, marriage was viewed as the only honorable career available for most women and was a matter of economic necessity.
Around this time birth rates dropped significantly too because women were having fewer children because more kids were living till adulthood.
Mass education was a product of the mass society of the late nineteenth century. Being ‘‘educated’’ in the early nineteenth century meant attending a secondary school or possibly even a university.
Secondary schools emphasized a Classical education based on the study of Greek and Latin. Secondary and university education was primarily for the elite, the sons of government officials, nobles, or wealthier middle-class families.
After 1850, secondary education was expanded as more middle-class families sought employment in public service and the professions or entry into elite scientific and technical schools.
After school leisure time was also a big thing. People used to hang around and play, people would play music, and dance and many sports were also played for fun.
There were three levels of hierarchy, upper, middle, and lower class. The upper class was in the top 5% of the population. The middle class was the most diverse with various groups and had the most jobs available. The lower class was about 80% of the population and many of them were peasants and did labor jobs.
This was due to the second industrial revolution. One of the first major changes was substituting steel for iron. There were also new, faster machines and vehicles. Electricity was a big thing since they found power.
The growth of industrial production depended on the development of markets. This made it higher competition in the markets. Three were also larger factories for mass production and efficiency.
In around 1870 industrialization began to spread around the world.
The second revolution also had a major impact on women in societies as they started getting to work, and more roles except for a wife.
Workers formed trade unions to improve their working conditions. Attempts to organize the workers did not come until after unions had won the right to strike in the 1870s.
They started strikes to achieve the workers’ goals. A walkout by female workers in the match industry in 1888 and by dockworkers in London the following year led to the establishment of trade union organizations for both groups.
By 1900, 2 million workers were enrolled in British unions, and by the outbreak of World War I, this number had risen to between 3 million and 4 million.
The new patterns of industrial production, mass consumption, and working-class organization that we identify with supplies and improper elimination of sewage. Improved nutrition
also made a significant difference in the health of the population. The increase in agricultural productivity combined with improvements in transportation facilitated the shipment of food supplies from areas of surplus to regions with poor harvests.
Better nutrition and food hygiene were a big part of the decline in infant mortality by 1900. The pasteurization of milk reduced intestinal disorders that had been a major cause of infant deaths.
Even with the growing social and technological advances in Europe, it was still very overpopulated. The booming economies of North America after 1898 and cheap shipping fares after 1900 led to mass emigration from southern and eastern Europe to North America at the beginning of the twentieth century.
Between 1846 and 1932, probably 60 million Europeans left Europe, half of them bound for the United States and most of the rest for Canada or Latin America.
The most important effect of industrialization in the 19th century is urbanization.
This meant lots more cities, improved living conditions, A lot of jobs, and more technology.
Redesigning cities was also a big thing because of population increases and new ways to design things to better fit our needs.
There were three levels of hierarchy, upper, middle, and lower class. The upper class was in the top 5% of the population. The middle class was the most diverse with various groups and had the most jobs available. The lower class was about 80% of the population and many of them were peasants and did labor jobs.
Throughout most of the nineteenth century, marriage was viewed as the only honorable career available for most women and was a matter of economic necessity.
Around this time birth rates dropped significantly too because women were having fewer children because more kids were living till adulthood.
Mass education was a product of the mass society of the late nineteenth century. Being ‘‘educated’’ in the early nineteenth century meant attending a secondary school or possibly even a university.
Secondary schools emphasized a Classical education based on the study of Greek and Latin. Secondary and university education was primarily for the elite, the sons of government officials, nobles, or wealthier middle-class families.
After 1850, secondary education was expanded as more middle-class families sought employment in public service and the professions or entry into elite scientific and technical schools.
After school leisure time was also a big thing. People used to hang around and play, people would play music, and dance and many sports were also played for fun.
There were three levels of hierarchy, upper, middle, and lower class. The upper class was in the top 5% of the population. The middle class was the most diverse with various groups and had the most jobs available. The lower class was about 80% of the population and many of them were peasants and did labor jobs.
