Child Development (A)

Four Objectives For Physical Development & Learning:

1. Demonstrates Traveling Skills: Moving to explore/interact with immediate environment 
2. Balances: Keeping body/head upright while exploring/interacting with immediate environment 
3. Fine Motor: Coordination of muscles in precise movements to explore/interact with environment (usually with hands- drawing, brushing teeth, writing)
4. Gross Motor: Coordination of muscles in a coordinated way to explore/interact with environment (usually running, jumping, throwing something)

*Development happens in a cephalocaudal (head downwards) direction: children grow from the center out which is called proximodistal pattern*

Traveling Skills:

-Ages 1-3 experiment with ways of moving

• Walks across room, hurried walk, walking backwards, pushes riding toy with feet & steering, uses walker to get around, marches around

-Ages 3-5 moves in purposeful ways with control

-Ages 4-6 coordinates complex movements in play & games

• Runs smoothly/quickly, changes directions, stops & starts moving quickly, jumps/spins, moves around obstacles 

Balancing Skills:

-Ages 1-3 experiment with different ways to balance 

• Squatting, standing on tiptoes, kneeling, sidestepping obstacles

-Ages 2-5 balance during simple movement experiences

• Walking forward along edge while watching feet, jumping off low steps landing with both feet, holding body upright while moving something forward

-Ages 5+ sustain balance during complex movement experiences 

• Hopping while alternating feet, walking along edge forwards & backwards, attempting to jump rope

Fine Motor Skills:

-Ages 0-1 reach out to touch/hold object 

• Crumpling paper & banging blocks together

-Ages 1-3 use finger/arm movements to explore & manipulate objects

• Tearing paper & places shapes into a shape sorter toy 

-Ages 2-5 use refined wrist/finger movements 

• Squeezing/releasing tongs & using eating utensils 

-Ages 5+ use small precise finger/hand movements 

• Stringing small beads & cutting food  

Gross Motor Skills:

-Ages 1-3 manipulate balls/other objects with stiff body motions

• Carrying ball while walking & flinging bean bag 

-Ages 4-6 manipulate balls/other objects with flexible body motions 

• Throwing ball/other objects & traps thrown object against body when caught  

-Ages 5+ manipulate balls/other objects with full range of motion 

• Bounces/catches ball & kicks moving ball while running 

Four Main Parental Styles:

1. Authoritarian: Lots of rules usually very strict
2. Authoritative: Has boundaries and rules but lets child explore and be their own person
3. Permissive: Too much freedom with child, dynamic is alike to the child's best friend
4. Neglectful: Not giving child proper care or parenting 

Emotional Intelligence Development:

Temperament: Person/animals (born with) nature

Activity Level: Physical/mental energy of a child

• Low Active: sleeps often, quiet, relaxed 
• High Active: less sleep, more physical activity 

Sociability: Friendliness/want for interaction with people

• High Social: extrovert
• Low Social: Introvert 

Emotionality: Intensity of emotion

• High Emotion: more emotion/lots of fluctuation in emotion
• Low Emotion: less emotion/less fluctuation in emotion

Self Control: Controls behavior, delayed gratification, plans ahead, inhibits bad responses 

Aggressiveness Vs. Cooperativeness: The way a child reacts in a social setting- either with aggression or acceptance 

Goodness of Fit: Concept like temperament- tendency of a parent to adapt to their child's temperament

Regulating Own Emotions/Behaviors:

-Ages 0-2 use adults to calm self, respond to changes in an adults tone/expression, & indicate needs/wants 

• Calms when touched gently & turns away from source of stress
• Indicates wants and needs by crying & etc. 

-Ages 2-4 comfort self by finding special object/person, accept redirection from adults, & seek to do things independently

• Teddy bear/fav adult when sad  

-Ages 5-7 develop delayed gratification & looks at situation differently, manages rules & routines & transitions (with reminders), & show confidence in meeting own needs 

-Ages 7-8 control strong emotions in appropriate manner, apply rules in new but similar situations, & takes responsibility for own wellbeing 

Establishing/Sustaining Positive Relationships:    

Forming Relationships With Adults:

-Ages 1-2 demonstrate a secure attachment to adults 

-Ages 3-4 use trusted adults as a secure base to explore the world 

-Ages 5-6 manage separation without stress & engage with trusted adults

-Ages 7-8 engage with trusted adults as resources & to socialize 

Responding To Emotional Cues:

-Ages 0-2 react to others emotional expressions

-Ages 3-4 show concern for others feelings 

-Ages 5-6 identify basic emotional reactions of others & their causes accurately

-Ages 7-8 recognize others feelings 

Interacting With Peers:

-Ages 1-3 play near other children 

-Ages 3-4 use strategies to enter games/groups

-Ages 4-5 interact well in groups of 4-5 children 

Making Friends:

-Ages 1-3 seek a preferred friend 

-Ages 3-4 play with 1-2 friends 

-Ages 4-5 make close friendship with 1 child (might be a short friendship)

-Ages 5+ maintains friendships for at least a few months