2.2 Water

These tests produce images of your soft tissues and organs, as well as your bones, by using either radiowaves or special isotopes that are injected into the body.

The images of your organs or skeletal system are provided by these tests.

Magnetic resonance is done by subjecting hydrogen nuclei, which are abundant in the water in soft tissues, to magnetic fields which cause them to emit their own magnetic field.

The signal is then read by the machine and interpreted by a computer to create a detailed image.

Some technicians and technologists specialize in mammography.

Medical professionals can use films or images of the body to examine and diagnose.
Radiologists work directly with patients, explaining machinery, preparing them for exams, and ensuring that their body or body parts are positioned correctly to produce the needed images.
They analyze the test results.

Radiographers can work in hospitals and doctors' offices.

Hospitals, colleges, and universities offer certificates, associate's degrees, or bachelor's degrees for training to become a radiography technician.

It's because water is essential to life and even tiny traces of it on another planet can show that.

Water is the most abundant molecule in living cells and the most critical to life as we know it.
The majority of your body is made up of water.
Life would not exist without it.

Water has hydrogen and oxygen atoms.

The electrons spend more time with the oxygen atom than with the hydrogen atoms.
There is no overall charge to a water molecule, but there is a slight positive charge on each hydrogen atom and a slight negative charge on the oxygen atom.
Because of the positive and negative charges in the different parts of the molecule, the hydrogen atoms repel each other and form the unique shape seen in Each water molecule.
Water forms hydrogen bonds with other polar molecules.
Hydrogen bonds are hard to form with nonpolar substances.

The picture of oil and water shows that oil is a nonpolar compound.

Water and oil don't mix.

Water has hydrogen bonds that allow it to absorb and release heat more slowly than other substances.

The temperature is higher when the motion increases.

Before the temperature rises, water absorbs a lot of energy.
The hydrogen bonds between water molecule are disrupted by increased energy.
Water only absorbs an increase in energy and temperature changes minimally because these bonds can be disrupted quickly.
Water moderates temperature changes within organisms.
The balance between hydrogen-bond formation and destruction swings as energy input continues.
More bonds are broken than formed.
Evaporation of sweat, which is 90 percent water, allows for cooling of an organisms because breaking hydrogen bonds requires an input of energy and takes heat away from the body.

As temperatures drop, less energy is present to break the hydrogen bonds between water molecule.

The bonds remain intact and begin to form a lattice-like structure.
Ice is less dense than liquid water.
The ice floats on the water.
In lakes, ponds, and oceans, ice will form on the surface of the water, creating an insulation barrier to protect the animal and plant life beneath from freezing in the water.
If this didn't happen, the plants and animals in the water would freeze in a block of ice, making it difficult or impossible to live in the cold.

Ice's lower density allows it to float.

There is a 3-D animation of the structure of an ice lattice.

ionic compounds and polar molecules can easily be dissolved in water with slight positive and negative charges.

A substance is capable of dissolving another substance.
The charged particles will form hydrogen bonds.
This sphere of hydration is used to keep the particles separated from the water.
In the case of table salt mixed in water, there are spheres of hydration formed around the ionized water.
A positively charged sodium ion is surrounded by oxygen atoms.

A negatively charged chloride ion is surrounded by hydrogen atoms.

These spheres of hydration are called hydration shells.

The polarity of the water molecule makes it an effective solvent and is important in its many roles in living systems.

Spheres of hydration form around the ion when table salt is mixed in water.

The water forms a dome above the rim of the glass before it overflows.

Water is attracted to each other because of hydrogen bonding, keeping them together at the liquid-air interface, even though there is no more room in the glass.

The surface tension that is created by the water is what causes this.

The water molecule is intact and the item is floating on top.
It is possible to place a steel needle on top of a glass of water.

The weight of a needle on top of water pulls the surface tension downward, at the same time the water is pulling it up, suspending the needle on the surface of the water and keeping it from sinking.

Water climbs up a straw in a glass of water.

The water appears to be higher on the sides of the straw than in the middle.
The water is attracted to the straw and sticks to it.

Sustaining life is dependent on cohesive and adhesive forces.

Water can flow up from the roots to the top of the plant because of these forces.

A solution's acidity or alkalinity is measured.

It's possible that you used some to make sure the water in the outdoor swimming pool is treated.
The amount of hydrogen ion that exists in a given solution is measured.
Low levels of hydrogen ion result in a high pH.

The scale has a range of 0 to 14.

A change of one unit on the scale equates to a change in the concentration of hydrogen ion by a factor of 10, and a change in two units equates to a change in the concentration of hydrogen ion by a factor of 100.

Pure water is not polluted.

It has a pH of 7.0 and is neither acidic nor basic.
Anything below 7.0 is acidic, and anything above 7.0 is alkaline.
The blood in your veins is slightly acidic.
The environment in your stomach is very acidic.
Baking soda is basic, whereas orange juice is mildly acidic.

The amount of H+) in a substance is measured on the pH scale.

The stronger the acid, the easier it is to give H+.

Lemon juice and hydrochloric acid can give up H+ when added to water.
Those substances that give OH- are bases.
The OH- ion and H+ combine to produce water.
Many household cleaners are very alkaline and give up OH- rapidly when placed in water.

The majority of cells in our bodies operate within a narrow window of the pH scale.

The respiratory system can malfunction if the body's pH is outside of this range.
Cells will break down if they no longer function properly.
Deviation outside of the range can cause coma or even death.

The key is buffering.

The human body has a buffer system that keeps the pH within the proper range.

Carbonic acid can be created if too much H+ enters the body.

If too much OH- is introduced into the system, carbonic acid will quickly convert into bicarbonate and H+ ion.
The H+ ion can combine with the OH- ion to limit the increase in pH.
The fleeting presence of carbonic acid is due to the fact that carbon dioxide is released from the body when we breathe.
Our bodies would fail to survive without this buffer system.