Section 7.7 Surface Tension
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FIGURE 7.5 Angle of contact when (a) liquid wets the wall and (b) liquid does not wet the wall.
FIGURE 7.6 (a) Capillary rise. (b) Capillary depression.
Therefore, the height of the column is h 2T cos θ
(7.20)
Rρg θ is greater than 90◦.
In this case, the height of the fluid in the tube is depressed (Fig. 7.6b). Equation 7.20 still applies, yielding a negative number for h. These effects arecalled capillary action.
Another consequence of surface tension is the tendency of liquid to assume a spherical shape. This tendency is most clearly observed in a liquid outsidea container. Such an uncontained liquid forms into a sphere that can be notedin the shape of raindrops. The pressure inside the spherical liquid drop is
Chapter 7 Fluids P in a liquid sphere ofradius R is
P 2T
(7.21)
R
This is also the expression for the excess pressure inside an air bubble in aliquid. In other words, to create gas bubble of radius R in a liquid with surfacetension T, the pressure of the gas injected into the liquid must be greater thanthe pressure of the surrounding liquid by P as given in Eq. 7.21.
As will be shown in the following sections, the effects of surface tension are evident in many areas relevant to the life sciences.
7.8 Soil Water
Most soil is porous with narrow spaces between the small particles. Thesespaces act as capillaries and in part govern the motion of water through the soil.
When water enters soil, it penetrates the spaces between the small particlesand adheres to them. If the water did not adhere to the particles, it would runrapidly through the soil until it reached solid rock. Plant life would then beseverely restricted. Because of adhesion and the resulting capillary action, asignificant fraction of the water that enters the soil is retained by it. For a plantto withdraw this water, the roots must apply a negative pressure, or suction, tothe moist soil. The required negative pressure may be quite high. For example,if the effective capillary radius of the soil is 10−3 cm, the pressure required towithdraw the water is 1.46 × 105 dyn/cm2, or 0.144 atm (see Exercise 7-8).
The pressure required to withdraw water from the soil is called the soil moisture tension (SMT). The SMT depends on the grain size of the soil, itsmoisture content, and the material composition of the soil. The SMT is animportant parameter in determining the quality of the soil. The higher theSMT, the more difficult it is for the roots to withdraw the water necessary forplant growth.
The dependence of the SMT on the grain size can be understood from the following considerations. The spaces between the particles of soil increasewith the size of the grains. Because capillary action is inversely proportionalto the diameter of the capillary, finely grained soil will hold water more tightlythan soil of similar material with larger grains (see Fig. 7.7).
When all the pores of the soil are filled with water, the surface mois ture tension is at its lowest value. In other words, under these conditions therequired suction pressure produced by the plant roots to withdraw the waterfrom the soil is the lowest. Saturated soil, however, is not the best medium forplant growth. The roots need some air, which is absent when the soil is fully

