Section 1.2 Equilibrium Considerations for the Human Body




Section 1.2 Equilibrium Considerations for the Human BodyFIGURE 1.1 Stability of bodies.
FIGURE 1.2 (a) Torque produced by the weight will restore the body to its original position. (b) Torque produced by the weight will topple the body.
1.2Equilibrium Considerations for the Human Body
The center of gravity (c.g.) of an erect person with arms at the side is at approximately 56% of the person’s height measured from the soles of the feet (Fig. 1.3). The center of gravity shifts as the person moves and bends. The act of balancing requires maintenance of the center of gravity above the feet.
A person falls when his center of gravity is displaced beyond the position of the feet.
When carrying an uneven load, the body tends to compensate by bend ing and extending the limbs so as to shift the center of gravity back over the feet. For example, when a person carries a weight in one arm, the other arm


Chapter 1 Static ForcesFIGURE 1.3 Center of gravity for a person.
swings away from the body and the torso bends away from the load (Fig. 1.4).
This tendency of the body to compensate for uneven weight distribution often causes problems for people who have lost an arm, as the continuous compensatory bending of the torso can result in a permanent distortion of the spine. It is often recommended that amputees wear an artificial arm, even if they cannot use it, to restore balanced weight distribution.
1.3Stability of the Human Body under the Action of an
External Force
The body may of course be subject to forces other than the downward force of weight. Let us calculate the magnitude of the force applied to the shoulder that will topple a person standing at rigid attention. The assumed dimensions of the person are as shown in Fig. 1.5. In the absence of the force, the person is in stable equilibrium because his center of mass is above his feet, which are

Section 1.3 Stability of the Human Body under the Action of an External ForceFIGURE 1.4 A person carrying a weight.
the base of support. The applied force Fa tends to topple the body. When the person topples, he will do so by pivoting around point A—assuming that he does not slide. The counterclockwise torque Ta about this point produced by the applied force is Ta Fa × 1.5 m
(1.1)
The opposite restoring torque Tw due to the person’s weight is Tw W × 0.1 m
(1.2)
Assuming that the mass m of the person is 70 kg, his weight W is W mg 70 × 9.8 686 newton (N)
(1.3)
(Here g is the gravitational acceleration, which has the magnitude 9.8 m/sec2.)
The restoring torque produced by the weight is therefore 68.6 newton-meter


Chapter 1 Static ForcesFIGURE 1.5 A force applied to an erect person.
(N-m). The person is on the verge of toppling when the magnitudes of these two torques are just equal; that is, Ta Tw or Fa × 1.5 m 68.6 N-m
(1.4)
Therefore, the force required to topple an erect person is
Fa 68.6 45.7 N (10.3 lb)
(1.5)
1.5
Actually, a person can withstand a much greater sideways force without losing balance by bending the torso in the direction opposite to the applied force (Fig. 1.6). This shifts the center of gravity away from the pivot point A, increasing the restoring torque produced by the weight of the body.
Stability against a toppling force is also increased by spreading the legs, as shown in Fig. 1.7 and discussed in Exercise 1-1.