Section 9.4 Transfer of Heat
FIGURE 9.3 Heat flow through a block of material.
because the atoms in the solid are tightly bound, their motion is restricted.
Therefore, heat transfer via atomic vibrations is slow.
In some materials, the electrons in the atoms have enough energy to break loose from a specific nucleus and move freely through the material. The electrons move rapidly through the material so that, when they gain energy, they transfer it quickly to adjacent electrons and atoms. In this way, free electrons transfer the increase in the internal energy down the rod. Materials such as metals, which contain free electrons, are good conductors of heat; materials such as wood, which do not have free electrons, are insulators.
The amount of heat Hc conducted per second through a block of material (see Fig. 9.3) is given by Hc KcA (T1 − T2)
(9.3)
L Here A is the area of the block, L is its length, and T1 − T2 is the temperature difference between the two ends. The constant Kc is the coefficient of thermal conductivity. In physics texts, Kc is usually given in units of cal cm/seccm2-C◦. However, for problems involving living systems, it is often more convenient to express Kc in units of Cal cm/m2-hr-C◦. This is the amount of heat (in Cal units) per hour which flows through a slab of material 1 cm thick and 1 m square per C◦ temperature difference between the faces of the slab.
The thermal conductivity of a few materials is given in Table 9.2.
9.4.2 Convection
In solids, heat transfer occurs by conduction; in fluids (gases and liquids), heat transfer proceeds primarily by convection. When a liquid or a gas is heated,