14.1 - Carboxylic Acids

• A carboxylic acid is a hydroxylic group, which is connected to a carbonyl group, which has a functional carboxylic acid.

• The name of the IUPAC is derived from the substitution of thee for oic acid in the alkanoic name.

  • Formal acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid have the common names of carboxylic acids with one to four carbon atoms.

14.2 - Properties of Carboxylic Acids

• The carboxy group consists of O bisH and C'O polar bonds, making a carboxylic acid soluble in water from one to five carbon atoms.

  • Carboxylic acids dissociate a little like weak acids by providing water with hydrogen ions, which forms carboxylate and hydronium ions.

• The base neutralizes carboxylic acids and produces water and salt for Carboxylate.

14.3 - Esters

• An ester replaces the hydroxyl group H of a carboxylic acid with an alkyl or aromatic group.

• A carboxylic acid reacts to an ester in the presence of a strong acid with an alcohol.

  • A water molecule is removed: oscillation of Carboxylic Acid and oscillation molecule of Alcohol.

• Esters are called in two terms: alcohol alkyl group and carboxyl name obtained by substituting ic acid for ate.

14.4 - Hydrolysis of Esters

• Acid hydrolysis takes place by adding water to the carboxylic acid and alcohol production.

  • Esters are subjected to basic hydrolysis, or saponification, to salt and alcohol.

14.5 - Amines

• Alkyl groups are alphabetically followed by amines in the common names of simple amines.

  • A primary (1°), secondary (2°), or tertiary (3°) amine constitutes a nitrogen atom attached to a single, two or 3 alkyl, or an aromatic group.

• Water-soluble amines of up to six carbon atoms

• Ammonia and hydroxide ions are produced as weak in water

  • Ammonium salts are produced when amines react with acids. Ammonium salts are solids, water-soluble and odorless as ionic compounds.

14.6 - Amides

• Amides are derivatives of carboxylic acids where −afterNH2 or a primary or secondary amine group is replaced with the hydroxyl group.

  • Amides form when ammonia or primary or secondary amines in heat react to carboxylic acids.

• The names of Amides are substituted by amide for oic acid or ic acid.

  • The N- prefix is used to designate any carbon group attached to the nitrogen atom.

• A carboxylic acid and ammonium salt are produced by amide hydrolysis by acid.

  • A carboxylate salt and an amine are produced by hydrolysis of an amide by a base.