Section 5.3
Bone Fracture: Energy Considerations
65
FIGURE 5.3 Compression of a bone.
As an example, consider the fracture of two leg bones that have a combined length of about 90 cm and an average area of about 6 cm2. From Table 5.1,the breaking stress SB is 109 dyn/cm2, and Young’s modulus for the bone is14 × 1010 dyn/cm2. The total energy absorbed by the bones of one leg at thepoint of compressive fracture is, from Eq. 5.13, 6 × 90 × 1018
E 1
19.25 × 108 erg 192.5 J
2
14 × 1010 The combined energy in the two legs is twice this value, or 385 J. This is theamount of energy in the impact of a 70-kg person jumping from a height of56 cm (1.8 ft), given by the product mgh. (Here m is the mass of the person,g is the gravitational acceleration, and h is the height.) If all this energy isabsorbed by the leg bones, they may fracture.
It is certainly possible to jump safely from a height considerably greater than 56 cm if, on landing, the joints of the body bend and the energy of the fallis redistributed to reduce the chance of fracture. The calculation does howeverpoint out the possibility of injury in a fall from even a small height. Similar

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Chapter 5
Elasticity and Strength of Materials
5.4 Impulsive Forces t2 − t1 t during which the force acts on the body is the duration of thecollision. Such a short-duration force is called an impulsive force.
Because the collision takes place in a short period of time, it is usually difficult to determine the exact magnitude of the force during the collision.
However, it is relatively easy to calculate the average value of the impulsiveforce Fav. It can be obtained simply from the relationship between force andmomentum given in Appendix A; that is, mvf − mvi
Fav
(5.14)
t
Here mvi is the initial momentum of the object and mvf is the final momentumafter the collision. For example, if the duration of a collision is 6 × 10−3 sec FIGURE 5.4 Impulsive force.