#10 Articulations
Articulations
Types of Articulations:
Bone-bone
Bone-cartilage
Bone-teeth
Structural Classification of Articulations
Fibrous Joints: Bones brought together by fibers.
Cartilaginous Joints: Bones brought together by cartilage.
Synovial Joints: Bones joined by an enclosed fluid-filled cavity.
Page 2: Fibrous Joints
Types of Fibrous Joints:
Synostosis: Fusion of two bones (immovable).
Suture: Immovable joints found in the skull.
Syndesmosis: Slightly movable joints connected by ligaments.
Gomphosis: Joint between teeth and sockets.
Page 3: Cartilaginous Joints
Synchondrosis:
Joined by hyaline cartilage.
Examples: 1st sternocostal joint, epiphyseal plate, intervertebral joints.
Symphysis:
Joined by fibrocartilage.
Examples: Pubic symphysis, intervertebral joints.
Page 4: Generalized Synovial Joint
Articular Capsule:
Inner ‘cellular’ layer (synovial membrane).
Outer ‘fibrous’ layer (dense irregular connective tissue).
Page 5: Functional Classification of Articulations
Synarthrosis: No movement possible at joints.
Amphiarthrosis: Slight movement possible at joints.
Diarthrosis: Highly movable joints.
Degree of movement ranges from none to highly movable.
Page 6: Synarthroses
Types of Synarthrotic Joints:
Sutures: Immovable joints of the skull.
Gomphoses: Joints between teeth and their sockets.
Suture Variants:
Serrate suture
Lap suture
Plane suture
Page 7: Symphysis & Amphiarthroses
Symphysis:
Slight movement with fibrocartilage (example: pubic symphysis).
Syndesmosis:
Slightly movable fibrous joint (example: interosseous membrane).
Page 8: Syndesmosis Overview
Types of syndesmosis include:
Narrow fibrous joints connecting bones of the skull.
Fibrous joint that anchors teeth in jaws.
Fibrous joint that unites parallel bones.
Page 9: Diarthroses (Synovial Joints)
Characteristics: High mobility with joint cavity within synovial membrane.
Types of Diarthrotic Joints:
Gliding (Planar)
Hinge
Pivot
Ellipsoidal/Condyloid
Saddle
Ball and Socket
Page 10: Gliding Joint
Description: Joints where short boxy bone surfaces move past each other.
Examples:
Wrist (carpals)
Ankle (tarsals)
Spine (vertebrae)
Page 11: Pivot Joint
Examples:
Atlantoaxial joint: Between C1 and C2 vertebrae (shaking head left to right).
Proximal radioulnar joint: Allows for pronation/supination of the forearm.
Page 12: Hinge Joint
Examples:
Humeroulnar joint (elbow).
Interphalangeal joints (fingers).
Tibiofemoral joint (knee).
Page 13: Condyloid/Ellipsoid Joint
Examples:
Metacarpophalangeal joints (fingers).
Distal radiocarpal joint (wrist).
Page 14: Saddle Joint
Examples:
1st Carpometacarpal joint (thumb).
Sternoclavicular joint.
Calcaneocuboid joint of the heel.
Page 15: Ball and Socket Joint
Examples:
Hip joint (pelvic girdle).
Shoulder joint (pectoral girdle).
Page 19: Synovial Joints - Movement Examples
Movement Types:
Ellipsoidal Joint: Biaxial (example: radiocarpal joint).
Ball and Socket Joint: Multi-axial (example: shoulder, hip).
Page 20: Mobility and Stability
Mobility Rankings:
Most mobile: Glenohumeral joint (shoulder).
Least mobile: Suture joints.
Stability Rankings:
Most stable: Sutures.
Least stable: Shoulder joint.
Page 37: Disorders of Articulations
Arthritis Types:
Osteoarthritis: Age-related due to wear and tear.
Rheumatoid Arthritis: Autoimmune disease targeting synovial joints.
Other Disorders:
Ankylosis: Abnormal fusion of a joint.
Gout: Uric acid crystalline deposits in joints.
Bursitis: Inflammation of a bursa.
Sprain: Overstretching of ligaments.
Luxation: Dislocation of a joint.
this is about the various types of joint injuries and conditions that can affect the musculoskeletal system. - Tendinitis: Inflammation of a tendon due to overuse or injury. - Osteoarthritis: Degenerative joint disease characterized by the breakdown of cartilage and bone.