12. Manifest Destiny

States should lead the world in the transition to democracy.

The reception of Texas into the Union, out of the lower region of our past party dissensions, is to be found, found.

There is a call to spread democracy along with the reality of thousands of settlers.
There was a belief that a democratic republic would save the world.

In 1845, manifest destiny was called into being, but it was a vaguely defined belief that dates back to the founding of the nation.

Many Americans believed that moral claims to hemispheric leadership were justified by the strength of American values and institutions.

The lands west of the Mississippi River were destined for American political and agricultural improvement.

God and the Constitution created a destiny to accomplish redemption and democratization throughout the world.

ManIfest DestIny 317 actions were bad for American expansion.

The new religion of American democracy spread on the feet and in the wagons of those who moved west, with the hope that their success would be the nation's success.

In every age of the world, there has been a leading nation, one of a more generous sentiment, whose citizens were willing to stand for the interests of general justice and humanity, at the risk of being called, by the men of the moment, chimerical and fantastic.

Many Americans disapproved of ag gressive expansion.

Many members of the Whig Party argued that the United States' mission was to lead by example, and that the lofty rhetoric of the Young Americans was nothing other than a kind of imperialism that the American Revolution was supposed to have repudiated.

Abraham Lincoln summed up this criticism with a fair amount of sarcasm during a speech in 1859, "He (the Young American) owns a large part of the world, by right of possession, and all the rest by right of wanting it, and intending to have it."

Young America had a longing after.

He has a passion for new men for office and the revelation that there must be three times as much land as in the present.
He is a good friend of humanity and his desire for land is just an impulse to extend the area of freedom.
He wants to fight for the liberation of enslaved nations and colonies if they have land.
He considers those who have no land to be able to afford to wait a few hundred years.
He is rich in knowledge.
He knows all that can be known, he believes in spiritual trappings, and is the inventor of "Manifest Destiny."

The national project of manifest destiny was promoted by artistic propaganda.

Columbia, the female figure of America, leads Americans into the West and into the future by carrying the values of republicanism and progress, as seen through her Roman garb.

Lincoln and other anti-expansionists would have a hard time winning the opinion of the public.

The nation was fueled by the principles of manifest destiny.
Along the way, Americans battled both native peoples and foreign nations, claiming territory to the very edges of the continent.
There was a cost to westward expansion.
The mission of American democracy was threatened by it, as it pushed Americans toward civil war and exacerbated the slavery question.

German and Swedish immigrants joined easterners in settlement of the Upper Mississippi Watershed in the 1830s and 1840s.

The American Indians west of the Mississippi were too powerful to allow for white expansion, and the Rocky Mountains were undesirable to all but fur traders.

Go west before you get fitted for a life in the factory.

The West was not empty.

The land east of the Mississippi River was controlled by Indians.

Expansion was dependent on a federal policy of Indian removal.

The belief in manifest destiny is what determines the harassment and dispossession of American Indians.

Racist things were part of the equation as well.

The political and legal processes of expansion always depended on the belief that white Americans could best use new lands and opportunities.

The belief was based on the idea that only Americans embodied the democratic ideals of yeoman agriculturalism extolled by Thomas Jefferson.

The Americanization of new lands was a test case in Florida.

The territory held strategic value for the young nation's growing economic and military interests in the Caribbean.

The region was neglected by the Spanish and they wanted to defeat the Native American tribes.

Spain wanted to increase pro ductivity in Florida and encouraged the migration of slaves from the south.

By the second decade of the 1800s, Anglo settlers occupied plantations along the St. John's River, from the border with Georgia chapter 12 to Lake George a hundred miles upstream.
Slaves were being brought into the United States for sale to Georgia planters as Spain lost control of the area.
Plantation owners were concerned about the number of slaves running to the swamps and Indian-controlled areas of Florida.
The Spanish authorities were confronted by American slave owners.
The continued presence of armed black men in Florida was not accepted by the slave owners.
During the War of 1812, a ragtag assortment of Georgia slave owners joined by a plethora of armed opportunists raided Spanish and British-owned plantations.
The Negro Fort was attacked by the U.S. army on July 27, 1816, and these private citizens received help from the U.S. government.
The inhabitants of the fort were killed by a direct hit to the gunpowder stores.
The conflict set the stage for General Andrew Jackson's invasion of Florida in 1817 and the beginning of the First Seminole War.
Over the course of the eighteenth century, these tribes migrated into the region and established settlements, tilled fields, and herds of cattle in the rich floodplains and grasslands that dominated the northern third of the Florida peninsula.
These lands were looked upon by ignorant eyes.
Spain agreed to transfer the territory to the United States after a long and bitter conflict with Americans.

After the purchase, planters from the Carolinas, Georgia, and Vir ginia entered Florida.

The Second Seminole War halted the influx of settlers into the Florida territory in the mid-1830s.
Slave owners were troubled by the fact that free black men and women and escaped slaves also occupied the district.
General Thomas Sidney Jesup, the U.S. commander during the early stages of the Second Seminole War, feared that if the revolt was not put down, the South would feel the effect of it.
Settlement expanded into the former Indian lands after 12 Florida became a state in 1845.

American action in Florida resulted in the seizure of Indians' eastern lands, the reduction of lands available for slaves, and the removal of Indian peoples farther west.

This was the template for future action.
Presidents have discussed removal for a long time, but President Andrew Jackson took the most dramatic action.
Jackson believed that speeding removal would place a dense and civilized population in large tracts of country now occupied by a few savage hunters.
The desire to remove American Indians from valuable farmland motivated state and federal governments to stop trying to integrate Indians and instead plan for forced removal.

The Indian removal act gave the president authority to begin treaty negotiations that would give American Indians land in the West in exchange for their lands east of the Mississippi.

President Jackson paternalistically claimed that removal would protect Indian communities from outside influences that would hurt their chances of becoming "civilized" farmers.
Jackson believed that the government was acting in the best interest of Native peoples in his 1830 State of the Union Address.
The Indians will no longer be in contact with settlements of whites.
The experience of the Cherokee was brutal.
Despite adopting Euro-American ways, the state and federal governments pressured the tribes to sign treaties and surrender land.
Many tribal nations used the law to protect their lands.
The Cherokee Nation tried to file a lawsuit against the state of Georgia.

Georgian officials asked the federal government to negotiate with the Cherokee in order to secure lucrative lands.

harassment from local settlers against the Cherokee forced the Adams and Jackson administrations to begin serious negotiations with the Cherokee.
Georgia grew impatient with the process of negotiation and abolished existing state agreements with the Cherokee that guaranteed rights of movement chapter 12 and jurisdiction of tribal law.
The Cherokee were encouraged to relocate to the West by Andrew Jackson after he took office.
The situation was antagonized by the discovery of gold in Georgia.

The treaties signed with the United States guaranteed the Cherokee Nation both their land and independence.

The Supreme Court of Georgia was appealed to by the Cherokee.

Jackson wanted a solution that would preserve peace.

In exchange for relinquishing of the Cherokee's eastern lands, he offered title to western lands and promised tribal governance.
There was a rift within the Cherokee Nation.
John Ridge wanted a treaty that would give the best terms.
John Ross, leader of nationalists, refused to consider removal in negotiations.
The Jackson administration refused any deal that did not involve large-scale removal of the Cherokee from Georgia.

The Treaty of New Echota was signed in 1835 by a portion of the Cherokee Nation led by John Ridge, hoping to prevent further tribal bloodshed.

The lands in Georgia were ceded for $5 million in order to limit future conflicts between the Cherokee and white settlers.

The treaty was viewed as illegitimate by most of the tribe.

John Ross pointed out the hypocrisy of the U.S. government.

As our model, adopting your own.

We were asked to cultivate the earth and learn the mechanic arts.
We were asked to worship your god.
You want us to give up our lands.

The New Echota Treaty provisions were used to order the army to forcibly remove the Cherokee from their territory after President Martin van Buren decided to press the issue.

The tragedy of the Trail of Tears was compounded by bad weather, poor planning, and difficult travel.
Only ten thousand Cherokee completed the journey, and not every instance of removal was as disastrous as the Cherokee example.

Expansion was encouraged regardless of terrain or locale, and Indian removal also took place in northern lands.

Odawa and Ojibwe communities in Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota resisted removal because they lived north of desirable farming land.
Some Ojibwe and Odawa individuals bought their own land.
They formed alliances with missionaries to help fight against removal, as well as with traders and merchants who depended on trade with Native peoples.

Despite the disaster of removal, tribal nations rebuilt their cultures and achieved prosperity in Indian Territory.

Traditional cultural practices, including common land systems, were blended with western practices to create an elite slaveholding class.

Some Indian groups were too powerful to be removed.

The Southern Plains region of what is now the southwestern United States was once ruled by the Comanche.
By quickly adapting to the horse culture first introduced by the Spanish, the Comanche transitioned into a mixed hunting and pastoral society.
The new Mexican nation-state had little control over the region after 1821.
The economy of the Southern Plains was controlled by the Comanche.
The Comanche were able to dominate other Indian groups because of a flexible political structure.

After launching raids into northern Mexico in the 1830s, the Comanche ended their diplomatic relationship with Mexico.

They forged new trading relationships with traders from Texas.
Thousands of violent encounters with northern Mexicans were engaged in by the Comanche and several other independent Native groups.
Tribal nations vied for power and wealth during the 1830s and 1840s as these encounters took place.
The empire that controlled the trans-Mississippi west known as Comancheria peaked in the 1840s.
The flow of commodities, including captives, livestock, and trade goods, was controlled by the Comanche.
They practiced a fluid system of captivity and captive trading.
The Comanche used captives for both economic exploitation and kinship networks.
This allowed for the integration of diverse peoples into the empire.
Both Mexican and American politics were affected by the conflict in the region.

The Great Basin region had Mexican independence.

ManIfest DestIny 325 was part of the commercial trading network of the West.

Mexican officials and traders entered the region with their own designs.
Mormon religious refugees, aided by U.S. officials and soldiers, committed daily acts of violence and laid the groundwork for violent conquest.

Due to the expansion of the American state into the Great Basin, groups such as the Ute, Cheyenne, and Arapahoe had to compete with Anglo-Americans for land, resources, captives, and trade relations.

White incursion and Indian wars resulted in the dispossession of land and the struggle for food.

The relocation of Ameri can Indians was not the only attempt by the federal government.

Policies to "civilize" Indians coexisted with forced removal and served an important "Americanizing" vision of expansion that brought an ever-increasing population under the American flag and sought to balance aggression with paternal care.

The main architect of the civilization policy was the superintendent of Indian trade from 1816 to 1822 and the Indian affairs from 1824 to 1830.

He said that American Indians were just as smart as whites.
He wanted to create a national Indian school system.

The Civiliza tion Fund Act was passed despite Congress rejecting the plan.

The societies that funded missionaries to establish schools in Indian tribes were offered $10,000 annually.
Providing education for American Indians under the auspices of the civilization program allowed the federal government to justify taking more land.
The 1820 Treaty of Doak's Stand made with the Choctaw nation included land cessions as requirements for education provisions.

After removal in the 1830s, the Cherokee, Choctaw, and Chickasaw collaborated with missionaries to build their own school systems.

Education would help protect political sovereignty.
Within two years, eighteen schools were included in the Cherokee Nation's public school system.
Many of the students educated in these tribally controlled schools later served their nations as teachers, lawyers, physicians, bureaucrats, and politicians.

The dream of creating a democratic utopia in the West was dependent on those who picked up their possessions and moved west.

Western settlers settled along the rivers.
Religion is often carried from eastern settlements.
A strong sense of cooperation was encouraged by these shared understandings.

The fertile area between the Mississippi River and the Appalachian Mountains was referred to by most Americans as the West before the Mexican War.

With soil exhaustion and land competition increasing in the East, most early western migrants sought a greater measure of stability and self-sufficiency by engaging in small-scale farming.
Boosters of these new agricultural areas along with the U.S. government encouraged the perception that the West was a land of opportunity.

Women migrants are expected to conform to restrictive gender norms while also carrying the double burden of travel.

According to the "cult of true womanhood," the key virtues of femininity were piety, purity, domesticity, and submissiveness.
Women were expected to stay in the home.
As they traveled west, men and women were accompanied by these values.

More opportunities for women were created by an openness of frontier society that existed.

In order to provide food for the family, partners were needed to set up a homestead and work in the field.
Some people were able to informally negotiate more power in their homes because of the short supply of suitable wives.

The proper role of the U.S. government in paying for internal improvements was the topic of this debate.

frontier development was seen as a self-driven undertaking that required private risk and investment.
The federal government's role in providing the infrastructure needed to give migrants the push toward engagement with the larger national economy was seen by others.
Federal aid was essential for the conquest and settlement of the region.

George Catlin painted Native Americans.

Crystal Stone was the wife of a Blackfoot leader.

There were economic busts that threatened western farmers.

The economy worsened after the Panic of 1819.
Farmers were unable to make their loan payments because of falling prices.
Many migrants lost their land as the distant market economy forced them farther west to escape debt.
The federal government sought to increase access to land in the West and lower the amount of land required for purchase.

Smaller lots made it easier for more farmers to clear land and begin farming.

Economic growth was spurred by improvements in travel and exchange.
Improvements were made to the canal in the east while road building was done in the west.
Congress allocated funds for internal improvements.
The National Road was pushed farther west by federal money.
The improvements needed to be constructed by laborers to increase employment opportunities and encourage nonfarmers to move to the West.
Engagement with the new economy made it hard to reject the promised wealth.

Some Americans were against spending money on roads because they were expensive to build and maintain.

The use of steamboats grew quickly.

Local, state, and federal funds helped connect rivers and streams as water trade and travel grew in popularity.
The eastern landscape has hundreds of miles of canals.
The Erie Canal was one of the earliest projects.
The Great Lakes to New York City project was completed in 1824.
New York became the center for commercial import and export in the United States because of the profitability of the canal.
The rapid growth of towns and cities was encouraged by railroad boosters.
Rail lines promise to move commerce faster, but they also encouraged the spreading of towns farther away from traditional waterway locations.
The transportation system was hampered by technological limitations, constant repairs, and conflicts with American Indians.
The rapid expansion of railroads after the Civil War was enabled by this early establishment of railroads.

Economic chains of interdependence stretched over hundreds of miles of land.

America's manifest destiny became wedded to both economic development and territorial expansion.

One of the main forces behind the Texas Revolution was the debate over slavery.

Mexico hopes to attract new settlers to its northern areas to create a buffer between it and the powerful Comanche.

New immigrants from the southern United States poured into Mexican Texas.
Mexicans and former Americans in the area were at odds over the next twenty-five years due to Anglo influence and American designs.
In order to quell both anger and immigration, Mexico banned slavery and required all new immigrants to convert to Catholicism.
American immigrants were eager to expand their agricultural fortunes.
In response, Mex ManIfest DestIny 329 ican authorities closed their territory to any new immigration in 1830, a prohibition ignored by Americans who often squatted on public lands.
Santa Anna repudiated the federalist Constitution of 1824, pursued a policy of authoritarian central control, and crushed several revolts throughout Mexico.
Santa Anna's centralizing policies were opposed by Anglo settlers in Mexican Texas.
Texas was declared a separate state within Mexico by issuing a statement of purpose that emphasized their commitment to the Constitution of 1824.

After the Mexican government angrily rejected the offer, Texian leaders abandoned their fight for the Constitution of 1824 and declared independence on March 2, 1836.

Santa Anna massacred hundreds of Texian prisoners at the Alamo and Goliad.

The Mexican army pursued the retreating Texian army deep into East Texas, causing a mass panic among American civilians known as the Runaway Scrape.

The surprise attack from the outnumbered Texian army led by Sam Houston on April 21, 1836 was caused by the confident Santa Anna failing to make adequate defensive preparations.

The battle of San Jacinto lasted only eighteen minutes and resulted in a decisive victory for the Texians, who retaliated for previous Mexican atrocities by killing fleeing and surrendering Mexican soldiers for hours after the initial assault.

Santa Anna agreed to withdraw his army from Texas and acknowledge the state's independence after signing the Treaty of Velasco on May 14, 1836.
Although a new Mexican government never recognized the Republic of Texas, the United States and several other nations gave the new country diplomatic recognition.
Adding Texas to the Union would cause a war with Mexico and throw off the balance between free and slave states.
Texas statehood was the key to saving John Tyler's political career after he was kicked out of the Whig party.
He began work on opening annexation to a national debate in 1842.
James K. Polk rose from obscurity to win the presidential election.
Polk and his party made promises of westward expansion, with eyes toward Texas, Oregon, and California.
Tyler extended an official offer to Texas in the final days of his presidency.
The republic became the twenty-eighth state on July 4.

The most un just act of aggression can be found in the annals of modern history.

Both nations staked claim to a small strip of land between two rivers.

The southwestern border of Texas was drawn by Mexico at the Nueces River, but Texans claimed that the border was closer to the Rio Grande.

The Nueces strip was controlled by Native Americans and neither claim was realistic.

In 1845, President Polk secretly dispatched John Slidell to Mexico City to purchase the Nueces strip along with large sections of New Mexico and California.

The purpose of the mission was to appease those in Washington who insisted on diplomacy before war.
The officials in Mexico City refused to receive Slidell.
Polk sent a four-thousand-man army to Texas just northeast of the Nueces River to prepare for the failure of the negotiations.
Polk ordered Taylor to cross into the disputed territory after hearing of Slidell's rebuff.
The president wanted the show of force to push the lands of California onto the bargaining table as well.
He messed up the situation.
The Mexican public was against surrendering any more ground to the US after losing Texas.
The government in Mexico City didn't have room to negotiate because of popular opinion.
The Mexican cavalrymen attacked Taylor's troops in the disputed territory just north of the Rio Grande, killing eleven US soldiers.

It took two weeks for the news to get to Washington.

Polk sent a message to Congress on May 11 that summarized the assumptions and intentions of the United States.

We have been trying to propitiate her good will.

She has been affected to believe that we have severed her rightful territory, and in official statements and manifestoes has threatened to make ManIfest DestIny 331 war upon.
We've tried everything at reconciliation.
The recent information from the frontier of the Del Norte had exhausted the cup of forbearance.
Mexico has invaded our territory and taken American blood upon the American soil after repeated menaces.
Polk knew that a vote against war would be a vote against supporting American soldiers.
Congress declared war on May 13.
The measure was opposed by a few members of both parties.
Congress called for fifty thousand volunteer soldiers after declaring war.
Thousands of eager men came to assembly points across the country to get involved in "Mr. Polk's War."
However, opposition to "Mr. Polk's War" grew.

In the fall of 1846, the U.S. Army invaded Mexico and within a year General Winfield Scott's men took control of Mexico City.

The city's fall did not end the war.

Scott's men occupied Mexico's capital for over four months.

The war in the United States was controversial from the beginning.
Embedded journalists sent back detailed reports from the front lines, and a divided press debated the news.
War was not what volunteers expected.
Disease killed seven times as many American soldiers as combat.
On February 2, 1848, the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was signed.

The United States gained lands that would become the future states of California, Utah, and Nevada, as well as parts of New Mexico, Colorado, and Wyoming.

Mexican officials would have to give up their claims to Texas and recognize the Rio Grande as its southern boundary.
The US offered fifteen million dollars for it.

The Mexican leaders had no choice but to sign.

New Mexico, the fertile lands of eastern Texas, and the famed gold deposits of California were some of the places that attracted a diverse group of settlers to the new American Southwest.

The U.S.-Mexican War had a huge impact on both countries.

Mexico lost half of its territory.

The United States' victory was not without danger.

There is a conflict over whether to extend slavery into the Commons.

The Gold rush California, belonging to Mexico prior to the war, took at least three months to travel from the nearest American settlements.

Some missionaries made the trip to the valley occasionally.

Many people left their families and headed west along the Oregon Trail because of the great environmental and economic potential of the Oregon Territory.

The trail was a representation of the hopes of many for a better life and was reinforced by images like the Oregon Trail.

Migrants were filled with a sense of dread, even though most settlers encountered no violence or Indians at all.

The slow progress, disease, human and oxen starvation, poor trails, terrible geographic preparations, lack of guidebooks, threatening wildlife, and general confusion were all more formidable and frequent than Indian attacks.
By the year 1849, twenty thousand Americans were living west of the Rockies, with most of them in Oregon.

More Americans sought more than agricultural life and family responsibilities when they moved because they nurtured a romantic vision of life.

The individualism and military prowess of the West, encapsulated for some by service in the Mexican war, drew a growing new breed west of the Sierra Nevada to meet with the Californians already there: a breed of migrants different from the modest agricultural communities of the near West.

If the great draw of the West served as manifest destiny's kindling, the discovery of gold in California was the spark that set the fire chapter 12 ablaze.

Younger single men were drawn to gold towns throughout the West because of the lure of getting rich quickly.
The arrival of fortune-seekers and other people associated with the gold rush made them magnets.
San Francisco's population grew from five hundred in 1848 to almost fifty thousand by 1854. manifest destiny's promises were threatened by lawlessness, predictable failure of fortune seekers, racial conflicts, and the slavery question.

On January 24, 1848, James W. Marshall discovered gold on John Sutter's land in the California Territory.

Californians petitioned Congress for a transcontinental railroad to provide service for both passengers and goods from the Midwest and the East Coast.
The debate over the route rancorous was caused by the economic benefits for communities along proposed railroads.
Tensions increased due to growing dissent over the slavery issue.

Linguistic, cultural, economic, and racial conflict roiled both urban and rural areas as a result of the influx of diverse people.

Chinese and Mexican immigrants made up 20% of the mining population in California by the end of the 1850s.
The ethnic patchwork of these frontier towns was made up of poor whites and ethnic minorities who worked in the mines and other jobs.
The competition for land, resources, and wealth furthered abuses against Indians and older Mexican communities.
California's towns, as well as those that dot the landscape throughout the West, struggled to balance security with economic development and the protection of civil rights and liberties.

The expansion of influence and territory off the continent became an important part of the westward expansion.

European countries were kept out of the Western Hemisphere and the principles of manifest destiny were applied to the rest of the hemisphere.

The cartoon depicts a Chinese and Irish immigrant "swallowing" the United States in the form of Uncle Sam.

The promise of American expansion can be seen in the background.

The Monroe Doctrine was where Adams's view of American foreign policy was put into practice.

Russian incursions in the Northwest, border disputes with the British in Canada, and the possibility of a Spanish reconquest of South America triggered an American response.

In a speech before the U.S. House of Representatives on July 4, 1821, Secretary of State Adams acknowledged the American need for a robust foreign policy that chapter 12 simultaneously protected and encouraged the nation's growing and increasingly dynamic economy.

She supports the freedom and independence of all.

She knows that if she enlisted under other banners than her own, she would involve herself beyond the power of extrication, in all the wars of interest and intrigue, of individual avarice, envy, and ambition, which assume the colors.
Her policy would change from liberty to force.
The frontlet on her brows would no longer beam with the ineffable splendor of freedom and independence, but would soon be replaced by an imperial diadem, flashing in false and tarnished lustre.
She would no longer be the ruler of her own spirit if she became the dictatress of the world.
Her glory is liberty.
Her march is the mind.
The motto on her shield is, Freedom, Independence, Peace, but she has a spear and shield.
Her practice has been as far as her necessary intercourse with the rest of mankind would allow.
Adams's great fear was not territorial loss.
Rus sian and the British could be arrested.
Adams didn't have reason to antagonize the Russians with grand statements.
He stewarded through Congress most-favored trade status for the Russians in 1824 and had a good relationship with the Russian ambassador.
Adams was worried about the ability of the United States to compete with the British in Latin America and the Caribbean.
Cuba, America's chief Latin American trading partner, dangled perilously close to the British.
The British are the main threat to the interests of the U.S. military and commercial interests in that part of the world.
Expansion of economic opportunity and protection from foreign pressures became the main goals of U.S. foreign policy.

Before the war ended, there were disagreements over the expansion of slavery into the new lands.

Slaves were already present in these areas and the idea of expanding them into the Caribbean was supported by many northern and southern businessmen.
The attempts were seen as evidence of a growing slave-power conspiracy by some.
Attempts to expand in eastern Florida were supported by many others.
Privately financed schemes were used to capture and occupy foreign territory without the approval of the U.S. government.

As they looked toward Cuba, pacifiering took the greatest hold of their imaginations.

Fears of racialized revolution in Cuba as well as the presence of an aggressive British abolitionist influence in the Caribbean inspired the movement to annex Cuba.
The intellectually and economically guiding the effort imagined a willing and receptive Cuban population and expected an agreeable American business class.
In Cuba, manifest destiny for the first time sought territory off the continent and hoped to put a spin on the story of success in Mexico.
The annexation of Cuba, despite great popularity and some military attempts led by a Cuban dissident, never succeeded.
Walker established a slaving regime in Nicaragua after seizing parts of the Baja peninsula in Mexico.
Walker was executed in Honduras because the missions violated the laws of the United States, but wealthy Americans financed many of them.
At the end of the 19th century, slavery and concerns over secession came to the fore.

The debate exposed some of the weaknesses of the American system.

The chauvinism chapter 12 of policies like Native American removal, the Mexican War, and filibustering existed alongside growing anxiety.
America's lack of history was supposed to be turned into the basis of nationhood by manifest destiny.
John O' Sullivan and other advocates of manifest destiny used biological and territorial imperatives to locate their origins.
They said that the United States was the embodiment of the democratic ideal.
Democracy had to be portable.
New methods of transportation and communication, the rapidity of the railroad and the telegraph, the rise of the international market economy, and the growth of the American frontier provided shared platforms to help Americans think across local identities and reaffirm a national character.

The chapter was edited by Joshua Beatty and Gregg Lightfoot, with contributions from a number of people.

Although the phrase "Go west, young man," is often attributed to Greeley, the exhortation was most likely only popularized by the newspaper editor in numerous speeches, letters, and editorials and always in the larger context of the comparable and superior health, wealth, and advantages to be had in the

ManIfest DestIny 341 r ecoM M e n De D r e a DI nG Blackhawk, Ned.

The "Mixed Blood" Indians are from the Early South.