11.8 Aromatic Compounds

11.8 Aromatic Compounds

• Give the names of the organic products of addition lowing reactions: reactions of alkenes to the structural formula for the product.

• Anisole, estragole, andthymol are some of the aromatic compounds that we use for flavor.

• The aromatic compounds in the herbs make them smell and taste different.

• The hydrogen atom and two adjacent carbons are bonded to by three valence electrons.
• Scientists thought there was a double bond between the carbon and the valence electron.
• August Kekule proposed in 1865 that the carbon atoms in benzene were arranged in a flat ring with alternating single and double bonds between the adjacent carbon atoms.
• Double bonds can form between two different carbon atoms in two different structural representations of benzene.
• If there were double bonds in alkenes, benzene should be more reactive than it is.

• Unlike the alkenes and alkynes, aromatic hydrocarbons are hard to add.
• If their reaction behavior is different, they must have different ways of bonding their atoms.
• The six electrons are shared equally among the six carbon atoms.
• The feature of benzene makes it stable.
• A line-angle formula shows a hexagon with a circle in the center.

• Many compounds containing benzene have been important in chemistry for a long time.
• The names toluene, aniline, and phenol can be used.

• The ring is not numbered when there is only one substituent.
• The benzene ring is numbered when there are two or more substituents.

• When aniline, phenol, or toluene has substituents, the carbon atom attached to the amine, hydroxyl, or methyl group is numbered as carbon 1 and the substituents are named alphabetically.

• The ring is named toluene.

• Number the aromatic ring if there are more than one substituent.
• The ring is numbered and has a group of toluene attached to it.

• The aromatic compound is named in alphabetical order.

• Nature and medicine have aromatic compounds.
• The benzene ring is found in a number of drugs, dyes, and explosives, as well as in flavorings such as vanillin.

• Draw their formulas.

• The benzene rings share two carbon atoms.
• Anthracene, with three rings, is used in the manufacture of dyes, while Naphthalene, with two benzene rings, is used in mothballs.

• phenanthrene is a substance known to cause cancer when it is in a polycyclic compound.

• abnormal cell growth and cancer can be caused by the pyrene interacting with the molecules.
• Increased lung exposure to carcinogens increases the chance of cancer.

• The fire spread quickly because there was a lot of paper and dry wood in the area.
• Some of the hydrocarbons found are transferred to the in gasoline.
• She also has cyclohexane.
• Second-degree burns of 3-ethyltoluene, isopentane, and toluene are found in gasoline.

• Write the balanced chemical equation for the complete that cause damage to all the layers of the skin.
• When deep burns gasoline, body fluids are lost.

• Diane is placed in a tank the next day to remove dressings, combustion of each of the following hydrocarbons, and damaged tissue.
• Every eight hours, dressings and ointments are changed.

• The primary cause of the fire at Diane's house was gasoline.

• Alkanes are less dense than water.

• Alkanes produce carbon dioxide, water, and energy when they react with oxygen.

• It is not a good idea to write the IUPAC names with low melting points, line-angle and low boiling points.

• Inorganic compounds are often ionic or contain carbon-carbon double bonds.

• In the simplest organic molecule, methane, CH double or triple bond, the main chain is numbered from the end nearer.

• H bonds that attach hydrogen atoms to the carbon atom are directed to the corners of a tetrahedron.

• Draw the bonds.

• There are groups composed of each carbon atom and its attached hydrogen atoms.

• The IUPAC system is used to name organic compounds by the number of carbon atoms.

• The double bond has a characteristic reaction of alkenes.

• Hydrogenation adds hydrogen atoms to the double bond of names for alkanes with substituents alkene to yield an alkane.

• Six carbon atoms and six hydrogen atoms are contained in 6H6.

• The structure of benzene is represented as a hexagon with a circle of alkanes and written in the center.

• After the name of each reaction, the chapter Sections to review are shown.

• Adding hydrogen and water is an addition reaction.

• An alkane is a ring.

• The arrangement of the atoms is shown by drawing each bond in the double bonds.

• An alcohol is a mixture of one or more carbon-carbons.

• The ring structure of hydrogen is contained in this compound.

• A ring of six carbon atoms are attached to alkenes to produce alkanes.

• The formula shows the sented as the ends of the lines and corners.

• A nonpolar group of atoms, such as an alkyl group or a halogen covalent bonds, have low melting and boiling points and are bonds to the main carbon chain or ring of carbon atoms.

• There are organic compounds with the same double bond on opposite sides.

• 2-methyl-2-butene is a compound of five or more carbon atoms in a chain.

• The formula for the structure of pentane was drawn.

• There is an alkane with a chain.

• The double bond has a character CH3 istic reaction of alkenes.

• Hydrogenation adds hydrogen atoms to the double bond of an alkene to form an alkane.

• There are problems related to the topics in this chapter.

• These problems will help you improve your critical thinking skills.

• The density of gasoline is 0.63 g.

• The heat of combustion for pentane is very high.

• The complete haloalkane isomers have four carbon atoms and a combustion of acetylene.

• Consider the compound propane.

• Draw the formula for propane.

• There is a mixture of isomers of trinitrotoluene.

• How much O2 is needed to react with 12.0 L isomers.

How many grams of CO2 would be produced from the etable oils?

• Consider the compound ethylcyclopentane.

• The formula for ethylcyclopentane is drawn.

• The grams of O2 are required for the ethylcyclopentane to be burned.

• There are explosives used in mining.

• The explosives are used in mining.

C5H12(g) + 8O2(g) S 5CO2(g) + 6H2O(g) + energy exothermic

• For a long time, it was light changes in color and size.
• The mole was treated with a flat circular appearance.
• Margaret numbed the area, then removed the mole a few weeks later, and sent the sample to a lab for evaluation.

• The results indicated that there was an appointment.
• Diana told Margaret that she had had a mole removed and had been going to tanning salons.
• The mole had 20 tanning sessions the previous year.
• No further treatment was needed because she loves being.
• Margaret doesn't always apply sunscreen when Diana comes in six months for a skin check.

• There has been a rise in the number of cases of melanoma.

• Frequent expo change is one of the risk factors for melanoma, along with sun exposure, severe sunburns at an early age, skin type, and an and family history.
• Margaret increased awareness of the disease during Diana's skin exam.

• A nurse performs many of the duties of a dermatologists, including treating skin conditions, assisting in surgeries, performing biopsies and excisions, writing prescriptions, and screening patients for skin cancer.
• If you want to become a nurse or physician assistant, you have to specialize in dermatology.
• To be certified, the RN must have at least two years of experience in the field of dermatology and pass an exam.
• Colleges and universities, allied health schools, and medical schools offer advanced training.

• Whenever Diana is in the sun, she wears a hat, a long-sleeved shirt, and uses a sunscreen.

• There is a benzene ring attached to the phenols.
• We associate strong odors with garlic and onions.

• In Naming and Drawing Alkanes a hydrocarbon, OH) replaces a hydrogen atom.

• Identifying Functional Groups are shaped around the oxygen or sulfur atom, similar to water.

• The carbon is attached to OH.
• The carbon is attached to the SH.

• Alcohols with only one or two carbon atoms don't need a number.

• The line-angle formulas for alcohols can be drawn.

• No number is required for compounds with no sub stituents on the ring.

• OH) is attached to a ring of compounds.

• The name 2-pentanol is shown as a prefix in the OH group as carbon 2.

• 4-methyl-2-pentanol has a group on carbon 4.

• The OH group is called carbon 1.

• Its sweet taste is attractive to pets.
• ethylene glycol solutions must be stored carefully if they are to be eaten by children.

• Methanol is used in the production of soaps.

• It is used as a fuel because it is less water, and it is also useful as a skin lubricant because it has a higher octane rating than liquid soaps.

• OH + 2CO2 is used to make bottles.

• It is possible for small amounts of BPA to be released from the water at high temperatures and pressures because of the reaction ethene has with the plastic.
• It is used as a liquid.
• There are concerns about solvent for perfumes, varnishes, and some medicines because of the harmful effects of low levels of BPA.
• Canada banned the substance in 2008.

• "Gasohol" is a mixture of two fuels.

• It is used in the production of synthetic fibers such as Dacron.

• Oxalic acid decreases the freezing point of water.

• The odor or flavor of the plant can be produced by phenols found in essential oils of plants.

• There is a mixture of thiols in the spray of a skunk.

• A strong, sometimes disagreeable odor is an important property of thiols.
• A small amount of thiol is added to the gas supply to help detect natural gas leaks.
• -2-butene-1-thiol gives the spray it emits a strong smell.

• 2-propene-1-thiol is found in garlic.
• The smell of onions is caused by 1-propanethiol, a substance that makes eyes tear.

• An ether has an oxygen atom attached to two carbon groups that are alkyls or aromatic groups.
• Water and alcohols have bent structures.

• Most ethers have a common name.

• The general anes are not as dangerous.

• An explosion could be caused by a small spark in the operating room.
• Inhaled anesthetics such as Forane, Ethrane, Suprane, and Sevoflurane have been around since the 1950s.