Section 16.4
Electron Microscope FIGURE 16.6 The electron microscope.
where m and v are the mass and velocity of the particle and h is the Planck constant.
In 1925, de Broglie’s hypothesis was confirmed by experiments which showed that electrons passing through crystals form wavelike diffraction patterns with a configuration corresponding to a wavelength given by Eq. 16.2.
16.4 Electron Microscope In Chapter 15, we pointed out that the size of the smallest object observable by a microscope is about half the wavelength of the illuminating radiation.
In light microscopes, this limits the resolution to about 200 nm (2000 ˚ A).
Because of the wave properties of electrons, it is possible to construct microscopes with a resolution nearly 1000 times smaller than this value.
It is relatively easy to accelerate electrons in an evacuated chamber to high velocities so that their wavelength is less than 10−10 m (1 ˚ A). Furthermore, the direction of motion of the electrons can be altered by electric and magnetic fields. Thus, suitably shaped fields can act as lenses for the electrons.
The short wavelength of electrons coupled with the possibility of focusing them has led to the development of electron microscopes that can observe objects 1000 times smaller than are visible with light microscopes. The basic construction of an electron microscope is shown in Fig. 16.6. The similarities between the electron and the light microscope are evident: Both have the same basic configuration of two lenses which produce two-stage magnification. Electrons are emitted from a heated filament and are then accelerated and collimated into a beam. The beam passes through the thin sample under examination which diffracts the electrons in much the same way as light is diffracted in an optical microscope. But because of their short wavelength,


Chapter 16
Atomic Physics FIGURE 16.7 Electron micrograph of an individual axon in the peripheral nerve of a mouse. The cross section of the axon at the level of the node of Ranvier is about 2.5 μm in width. Surrounding the axon is a differentiated region of the myelin sheath.
(Photograph courtesy of Professor Dan Kirschner, Biology Department, Boston College, and Dr. Bela Kosaras, Primate Center, Southborough, MA.)
the electrons are influenced by much smaller structures within the sample.
The transmitted electrons are focussed into a real image by the objective lens.
This image is then further magnified by the projector lens, which projects the final image onto film or a fluorescent screen. Although it is possible to produce electrons with a wavelength much less than 10−10 m (1 ˚ A), the theoretical optimum resolution implied by such short wavelengths has not yet been realized. At present, the best resolution of electron microscopes is about 5 × 10−10 m (5 ˚A).
Because electrons are scattered by air, the microscope must be contained in an evacuated chamber. Furthermore, the samples under examination must be dry and thin. These conditions, of course, present some limitations in the study of biological materials. The samples have to be specially prepared for electron microscopic examination. They must be dry, thin, and in some cases coated. Nevertheless, electron microscopes have yielded beautiful pictures showing details in cell structure, biological processes, and recently even large molecules such as DNA in the process of replication (see Fig. 16.7).

